1主动形式表示被动意义的情况
(1)某些表示感官的连系动词,如look,sound,smell,taste,feel等,可用主动形式表示被动意义
This kind of food tastes delicious. 这种食物味道很鲜美。
These shirts feel soft. 这些衬衣摸起来柔软。
(2)表示主语的特征、状态的动词作谓语时,常用主动形式表被动意义
常见的表示主语的特征、状态的动词有read,write,sell,clean,cook,burn,draw,cut,wear等,此类动词用物作主语,常表示主语的某种属性。
This kind of bike sells well. 这种自行车卖得很好。
This kitchen cleans very easily. 这个厨房很容易清洗。
提示 表示主语的特征、状态的动词常用于“主语+不及物动词”结构,句尾常用副词修饰该不及物动词。
(3)表示“开始、结束、关、停、转、启动”等的动词,如begin,open,close,finish,end等,通常用主动形式表示被动意义
The shop opens at 9:00 every day. 这家商店每天9点钟开门。
The meeting ended at 5 o’clock yesterday. 会议于昨天5点钟结束。
(4)在某些“形容词+不定式”结构中,不定式与句子的主语有被动关系,常用不定式的主动形式表达被动意义。这类形容词有easy,difficult,important,hard,nice等
The sentence is easy to understand. 这个句子很容易理解。
The question is hard to answer. 这个问题很难回答。
(5)动名词的主动形式表示被动意义
need,want,require后的动名词用主动形式表示被动意义,相当于不定式的被动式。
The flowers need watering. =The flowers need to be watered. 花需要浇水了。
2短语动词的被动语态
一些相当于及物动词的短语动词也可用于被动语态中,但短语动词是一个不可分割的整体,不可丢掉后面的介词或副词。
Our books should be taken good care of. 我们的书应该被保管好。
I was woken up by my mother at five this morning. 今天早上5点我被妈妈叫醒了。
3使役动词和感官动词的被动语态
使役动词let,have,make及感官动词feel,see,hear等,在主动语态中后接省略to的不定式充当宾语补足语,在变为被动语态时要还原to。
They saw the boy go into the room. (主动语态)
他们看见那个男孩进入了房间。
The boy was seen to go into the room. (被动语态)
有人看见那个男孩走进了房间。
The boss made him do heavy work. (主动语态)
老板让他干重活。
He was made to do heavy work by the boss. (被动语态)
老板让他干重活。
巧学妙记
“感使动词”变被动语态 感使动词好奇怪,to去to来令人猜, 主动句中to离开,被动句中to回来。 |
(1)某些表示状态的及物动词作谓语时
常见的表示状态的及物动词有have(有),fit(适合),suit(适合),hold(容纳),cost(花费)等。
The room can hold 100 people. 这个房间可以容纳100人。
提示 have用作实义动词时通常不用于被动语态。
We have three meals a day. 我们一天吃三顿饭。
(2)宾语是反身代词或相互代词、表示地点或处所的名词时,不可用于被动语态
We could hardly see each other in the dark. (√)
在黑暗中我们几乎看不到对方。
Each other could hardly be seen in the dark. (×)
(3)宾语是不定式短语或动名词时
John hoped to meet her. (√)
约翰希望见到她。
To meet her was hoped by John. (×)
Tom enjoys listening to music. (√)
汤姆喜欢听音乐。
Listening to music is enjoyed by Tom. (×)
5被动语态与系表结构的区别
(1)被动语态表示动作,系表结构表示状态、特点或性质
The cup was broken by Tony. (被动语态)杯子被托尼打破了。
The cup was broken. (系表结构)杯子破了。
提示 ①系表结构中的过去分词相当于形容词,强调主语的状态、特点或性质。
②常用于系表结构的词有closed,dressed,broken,lost,hidden,prepared等。
(2)被动语态常由介词by引出动作的发出者,而系表结构往往有固定的搭配
I was interested by what he showed me. (被动语态)我对他给我看的东西很感兴趣。
I’m interested in collecting stamps. (系表结构)我对集邮很感兴趣。
(3)被动语态可用于各种时态,系表结构常用一般现在时或一般过去时
New products have been made. (被动语态)新产品被制造出来了。
The matter is decided. (系表结构)这件事决定了。
提示 谓语动词带有时间、地点或方式状语时,通常是被动语态。
She was injured in the accident. 她在事故中受了伤。
(4)被动语态中的动词常由greatly等词修饰,系表结构中的动词常由so,very,quite,rather等词修饰
We were greatly moved by what Tom did. (被动语态)我们被汤姆的行为深深地感动了。
I’m quite satisfied with your answer. (系表结构)我对你的回答相当满意。
(5)结构不同
被动语态一般由“be+及物动词的过去分词”构成;系表结构除了与be连用,还可以与其他动词连用,如become,get,turn,sound,remain,seem,appear等。
I like these Chinese songs and they have been taught many times on the radio. (被动语态)我喜欢这些中文歌曲,收音机里已经教过很多遍了。
Those things were sold out soon. (被动语态)那些东西很快被卖光了。
Little Jim became interested in Chinese. (系表结构)小吉姆变得对语文感兴趣了。
The work remained unfinished. (系表结构)这项工作仍然未完成。