一、什么是分词的逻辑主语
分词属非谓语动词，即不用作谓语的动词，所以它没有真正的主语。但是，分词作为动词的一种形式，它必然其动作的执行者，也就是说它应有自己理论上或逻辑上的主语：
I often hear him singing this song. 我经常听他唱这首歌。(him 是singing的逻辑主语)
Hearing the news, he couldn’t help crying. 听到这消息，他禁不住哭了。(he是hearing的逻辑主语)
若用的是过去分词或现在分词的被动式，则上面提到的逻辑主语实为“逻辑宾语”：
I often hear this song sung. 我经常听到有人唱这首歌。(this song是sung的逻辑主语，但是sing 的逻辑宾语)
I saw her being taken to the operating room. 我看见她被送到手术室。(her是being taken 的逻辑主语，但是take 的逻辑宾语)
二、使用分词逻辑主语的易错点
分词作状语，它的逻辑主语通常应是句子主语，否则会出错。（即所谓的依附规则）请看下例：
(1) Finding her car stolen, ______.
A. a policeman was asked to help B. the area was searched thoroughly.
C. it was looked for everywhere D. she hurried to a policeman for help.
此题答案应选D，因为句首用作状语的现在分词短语finding her car stolen 的逻辑主语应是“她”，而不是 a policeman, the area, it 等。
在使用分词的逻辑主语时还要注意根据句意判断是主动还是被动，如：
(2) _____ many times, he still didn’t understand it.
A. Having been told B. Though to be told
C. Having told D. He was told
根据句意，he 与 tell 应是被动关系。从时间上看，应该是“被告诉”在先，“没有理解”在后，故选A。比较下题由于句中用了并列连词but，情况有所不同：
(3) _____ many times, but he still didn’t understand it.
A. Having been told B. Though he was told
C. To have been told D. He was told
此题答案选D，句中的并列连词 but 表明整个句子为并列句，同时表明 but 前应是一个独立的句子，而不能是一个非谓语动词短语(所以不能选A或C)。
三、分词逻辑主语与句子的主语不一致的情况分析
一般说来，分词作状语，它的逻辑主语应与句子主语一致，但事实上有少数例外的特殊情况：
(1) 当分词暗含的逻辑主语为表示泛指意义的one或you时，即“人，人们，大家，我们”，也无需考虑主语的一致性问题：
While making an efficiency test on an engine, certain precautions should be observed.
在对发动机进行效率试验的时候，应当采取一些预防措施。
When installing boiler, the floor space which is available is very important.
安装锅炉时，在地面有可供利用的空间是很重要的。
In doing such work, patience is needed. 做这种工作需要耐心。(=When one does such work, patience is needed.)
(2) 当分词充当评注性状语时，即某些表示说话人态度、评论、推测、判断等的一些惯用分词表达，它们在用作状语时其逻辑主语可以与句子主语不一致：（其逻辑主语实际上就是讲话人自己或作者自己、读者）：
Putting it mildly, you have caused us some inconvenience.
说得温和一点，你给我们带来了一些不便。
Broadly speaking , all elements can be classified as metals and non-metals.
粗略地说，所有元素可分为金属和非金属。
Judging from what you say，he has done his best.
从你说的来判断，他已经尽力了。
Generally speaking, a promotion means higher salary and more responsibility.
一般而言，升职意味着更多的薪水和更大的责任。
Generally speaking, women live longer than men. 一般说来女人比男人活得长。
Generally speaking, all living things are sure to die without food.
一般来说,没有食物,所有的生物都会死。
Most people, generally speaking, are ready to smile back when they are smiled at.
一般来说，大多数人在被人以微笑对待的时候都会报以微笑。
Generally speaking there was no resistance to the idea.
一般说来，没有人会反对这个观点。
Judging from what you say，he ought to succeed. 从你的话看他应当能成功。
Judging from everything you've said, it was just as well she wasn't there.
从你所说的这一切来看，幸好她不在那儿。
Judging from what they have done these years, they are indeed “ friends ” with an honey tongue and a heart of gall.
从他们这些年的所作所为看来，他们的确是口蜜腹剑的“朋友”。
Judging from his tone, there's no doubt he is against it.
听他的话音，便知他是反对的。
Judging from her letters, mother seems to be feeling a lot better.
从妈妈的信来看，她似乎感觉好多了。
Judging from what he said, he is an old hand in this field.
从他的谈话来看，他是这方面的老手。
Taking everything into consideration, the event was a great success.
总的说来，这项活动取得了极大的成功。
Taking everything into consideration, you should leave. 考虑到各种因素，你应该离开。
(3) 当句子含有先行主语it或there时，有时有作状语的分词短语可以与先行主语不一致：
Having so little time, there was not much that I could do. 由于时间很少，我能做的事很有限。
Being French, it’s surprising that she’s such a terrible cook. 她是法国人，但她做饭做得那么糟真是令人感到惊奇。
(4) 当分词已转化为介词或连词，此时也无需考虑主语一致问题：
Supposing she doesn’t come, what shall we do? 要是她不来我们怎么办?(supposing为连词，意为“假若”)
Given their inexperience, they’ve done a good job. 考虑到他们没有经验，这工作已做得很不错了。(given为介词，意为“考虑到”)
Considering the distance，he arrived very quickly. 考虑到路程，他到达得很快。
Considering he's only just started, he knows quite a lot about it.
鉴于他才刚刚开始，他懂得的已经不少了。
She's very active, considering her age.
就她的年龄来说，她是十分活跃的。
The source of meat for much of this region ( excepting Japan) has traditionally been the pig.
这个地区大部分地方（除日本外）的传统肉食是猪肉。
The sanctions ban the sale of any products excepting medical supplies and food.
国际制裁禁止销售医药用品和食物以外的任何产品。
All cases concerning children are dealt with in a special children's court.
所有涉及儿童的案件均由儿童特别法庭审理。
He asked several questions concerning the future of the company.
他问了几个有关公司前途的问题。
A law concerning food contamination must be made.
必须制定一项关于食品污染的法律。
The chairman's report is concerning the education of children.
主席的报告是关于儿童教育。
She has said nothing regarding your request.
关于你的要求，她什么也没说。
He refused to divulge any information regarding the man's whereabouts.
关于那个人的行踪他拒绝透露任何信息。
Regarding your recent enquiry, I have enclosed a copy of our user guide.
关于您最近的咨询，我随信附上一份我们的用户指南。
I'll make no comments regarding this question.
对于这一问题我不作评论。
Providing they do not panic, I believe that their chances of survival will be beyond 95 per cent.
如果他们不慌乱，我相信他们生还的概率将在95%以上。
I do believe in people being able to do what they want to do, providing they're not hurting someone else.
我真的认为人们只要不伤害别人，自己想做什么就可以做什么。
（5）有时作状语的分词或分词短语的逻辑主语为整个句子，相当于关系代词which引导的特定的定语从句时，不考虑逻辑主语与句子主语的一致性：
The bus was held up by the snowstorm, thus causing the delay.
巴士为大雪所阻，因而耽搁了。
First, of all ,this difficult problem has ro be tackled, thus enabling us to proceed to the others.
首先这个问题必须解决，这样我们才能解决其它的问题。
有时作状语的分词或分词短语的逻辑主语并不是整个句子或句子的主语，而是包含在句子的另一个成份之中，大多数是宾语或定语，此时，也可以不考虑依附规则：
Seeing her heath sinking rapidly, alarm seized her father’s heart.
她父亲看到他的健康状况急剧恶化，副词惊慌。
His summer holidays were spent in the countryside, helping the farmers with their work.
他在乡下度过暑假，假期中帮助农民干活。
Running to school, a terrible thought struck her.
跑到了学校时，她突然产生了一个可怕的念头。
四、分词的独立主格结构
在通常情况下，分词作状语时它的逻辑主语应与句子主语一致，若不一致，则应改用其他句型，如：
误：Crossing the road, a car knocked him down.
正：Crossing the road, he was knocked down by a car. 过马路时他被车撞倒了。
正：When he was crossing the road, a car knocked him down. 他过马路时车子把他撞倒了。
解决状语分词的逻辑主语与句子主语不一致的问题，也可在分词前加一个名词或代词，使之成为分词的逻辑主语。由于加在分词前的名词或代词要用主格形式，故称分词的独立主格结构：
The job finished, we went home. 工作结束后我们就回家了。
The weather being fine, we went swimming. 天气很好，我们就去游泳了。
He being absent, nothing couldn’t be done. 由于他缺席，什么事也干不成。
以上各句的the job, the weather, he 等不能省略。