情态动词又称为情态助动词。英语中助动词主要有两类:一是基本助动词,如have, do, be等;二是情态助动词,如may, must, need等。情态动词与其他动词连用表示说话人的语气,可表达建议、要求、可能、意愿等。情态动词没有人称和数的变化。
一、情态动词+动词完成式
情态动词must, should, may(might), ought to, can(could), need, would等都可以与动词完成式连用作谓语,其模式为“modal verb+have+v-ed”。这类结构表示对过去所发生动作的推测或判断。但是,不同的情态动词所表示的意思又有所不同。
1、must+have+v-ed和can’t/couldn’t+have+v-ed
“must+have+v-ed”表示对过去事情较有把握的、肯定性的推测,常译为“一定”,“准是”,“肯定”。当must用于推测意义时,其否定形式通常不是must not, 而是can/could not.“can’t/couldn’t+have+v-ed”表示对过去事情的否定性推测,常译为“决不可能”,“不太可能”。
例:Since the ditch is full of water, it must have rained last night.
经典练习:
1、Mary’s score on the test is the highest in her class; she____have studied very hard.
A)may
B)should
C)must
D)ought to
2、You____her in her office last Friday; she’s been out of town for two weeks.
A)needn’t have seen
B)must have seen
C)might have seen
D)can’t have seen
3、Mary____my letter; otherwise she would have replied before now.
A)has received
B)ought to have received
C)couldn’t have received
D)shouldn’t have received
解析:
1、答案选C。must have+v-ed表示推测过去某事一定发生;may have+v-ed表示推测过去某事也许发生。Should/ought to have+v-ed表示“本应该…”根据句意,C为正确选项。
2、答案选D。can’t have+v-ed表示对过去发生事情的否定推测;needn’t+have+v-ed表示过去做了本不必做的事。根据句意D为正确选项。
3、答案选C。根据本句的后半句otherwise she would have replied before now可知,前半句是一个表示与后半句相应的虚拟过去情况的句子。Can’t/couldn’t have v-ed表示过去不可能发生的事情。所以C为正确选项
二、should/ought to +have+v-ed和shouldn’t/ought not to+have+v-ed
“should/ought to+have+v-ed”表示过去应该做的事情却没有做,常含有后悔、责备、埋怨的口吻,常译作“本应当…..”,“应当….就好了”。“shouldn’t/ought not to+have+v-ed”表示过去不该做的事却做了,也常含有责备、不满的意思,常译为“本不应该….”。
例:With all the work finished, I should have gone to the party last night.
昨天晚上当所有的工作完成之后,我本来应该去参加聚会的。
例:You should not have gone back to work yesterday without the doctor’s permission.
你昨天没有得到医生的允许,不应该回去工作的。
三、may/might+have+v-ed
“may/might+have+v-ed”表示对过去事情的推测,但不十分肯定。Might比may语气缓和,口气更委婉;常译为“可能(或许)已经….”。
例:A traffic accident happened yesterday and a driver may have been hurt.
昨天发生了一场交通事故,可能有个司机受了伤。
四、could+have+v-ed
“could+have+v-ed”表示过去有可能或有能力做某事,而实际未做、未能实现的事;有时也表示轻度批评,可译为“本来可以”。
经典练习:
1、I didn’t send out my application form last week, but I _____.
A)had
B)would do
C)should have
D)might have to
2、With all his work on hand, he_____to the cinema last night.
A)mustn’t go
B)wouldn’t go
C)oughtn’t go
D)shouldn’t have gone
3、By next summer he_____at Harvard University for five years.
A)will have been studying
B)will study
C)have studied
D)will be studying
解析:
1、答案选C。本题第一句意义为:我上星期没有发出申请表。根据前后的逻辑意义,后一句应表示“我本应该发出”才是。C项省略了sent out,正合题意。
2、答案选D。shouldn’t have gone 表示“本来不该去的,但实际去了”的含义,符合语法规则,所以D为正确选项。
3、答案选A。“by(the end of )+将来时间”出现在句子中,句中谓语动词要用将来完成时或将来完成进行时来表达。所以A符合语法规则。
五、needn’t+have+v-ed
“needn’t+have+v-ed”表示过去做了某事,但没有做的必要,即表达“本没必要….”之意。
例:You needn’t have done the washing up. I would have done it for you.
你本可不必洗那些餐具,我会替你洗的。
例:I needn’t have bought al that wine-only three people came.
其实我没有必要买这么多酒,因为只来了三个人。
六、情态动词+动词进行式
“情态动词+动词进行式”即“情态动词+be+v-ing”,表示推测或评论某动作是否正在进行。
例:He might still be playing basketball in the room.
他可能还在房子里打篮球。
七、情态动词+动词完成进行式
“情态动词+动词完成进行时”即“情态动词+have been+v-ing”,表示推测或评论过去某动作是否正在进行或一直在进行。
例:They may have been discussing the problem this morning.
今天上午他们可能一直在讨论这个问题。
经典练习:
1、I _____to him because he phoned me shortly afterwards.
A)ought to have written
B)must have written
C)couldn’t have written
D)needn’t have written
2、You_____all those calculations! We have a computer to do that sort of thing.
A)needn’t have done
B)must not have done
C)shouldn’t have done
D)can not have done
3、This is one of the rarest questions that_____at such a meeting.
A)has ever been raised
B)are raised
C)have ever been raised
D)is raised
4、I will overlook ____so rude to my sister this time.But don’t let if happen again.
A)you to be
B)you to have been
C)your being
D)your having been
解析:
1、答案选D。本题because从句表达的意思是:因为他之后不久给我打电话了。那么主句所表达的意思为:我本不必给他写信的。 D项意为“本不必给他写信”,其它三项均不符合题意。
2、答案选A。needn’t have done表示“本来不必要做,但实际上做了”的含义。符合题意。Must not 的意思是“不应、不可以”,后面一般不接完成式。其它几项也不符合题意。
3、答案选C。that引导的定语从句修饰questions,定语从句中的谓语动词需用复数;在结构“this(that/it )is +形容词最高级+名词+定语从句”中, 从句谓语通常用完成时态。所以C为正解选项。
4、答案选D。动词overlook在此意为“宽容”,要求以动名词做宾语,可首先排除A、B两项;时间状语this time 表示动名词动作已经发生,而且发生在谓语动作之前,所以须用动名词完成式,所以D项为正解选项。
Practice today:
Choose the best answer for each of the following sentences
1、Dinosaurs are thought to____millions of years ago
A)die out
B)have died out
C)having died out
D)dying out
2、When Jim____his own house, he will install built-in stereo speakers in every room.
A)has
B)will have
C)had
D)had been
答案与解析:
1、答案选B。像be
believed/found/known/reported/said/supposed/thought后常跟不定式完成式,表达“据知,据报道”等意思,不定式的动作发生在被动结构(谓语动作)所表示的动作之前。根据语法要求B为正确选项。
2、答案选A。当主句以将来时出现时,从句采用一般现在时来表示一般将来时,采用现在完成表示将来完成时。只有A符合语法规则。