一、动词不定式的用法
动词不定式的定义:
①含有动词
②to+do(动词原形)结构
③是非谓语动词
动词不定式可充当的成分:
①主语
②宾语
③定语
④状语
⑤宾补
⑥表语
注意:动词不定式是非谓语动词,不能作谓语
(一)动词不定式作主语
作主语,可以用it代替,it叫形式主语,动词不定式放在后面叫真正主语
1.To learn a foreign language is not easy. It is not easy to learn a foreign language.
2. It’s dangerous to drive very fast.
To have a walk is good for you.
散步是对你有益的。
主语 系动词 表语
解析:have a walk(散步)是动词短语,不能直接作主语;To have a walk(散步)是动词不定式,可作主语
(二)动词不定式作宾语
1.如果宾语太长,可用it作形式宾语,构成“主语 + 谓语 + it + 宾语补足语(名词或形容词) + to do sth”结构,谓语动词常为find、think、feel等。
I think it's too easy to solve this problem.我认为解决这个问题太简单了。
I found it difficult to stop him.
我发现拦截他很困难。
I want to have a walk.
(我)〈想要〉{去散步}。
(主语 )〈谓词〉 {宾语}
解析:动词不定式to have a walk(去散步)是want(想要)的内容,作want(想要)的宾语
2.常可接动词不定式作宾语的动词有:
agree同意/hope希望/decide决定/need需要 /mean打算/wish希望/fail(失败)/ want想要/begin开始/would like想要/Ask请求/beg乞求/leave离开/like/ love喜欢 /hate(讨厌)/prefer宁愿/order命令/teach教/tell/告诉/ believe相信/find/找出 /know/知道/want/想要/ think认为/ understand明白,理解,懂得
3.后面跟动词不定式的动词口诀有:
1)三个希望两答应
wish hope want promis agree
2)两个要求莫拒绝
ask beg refuse
3)想要明白与知道
would like understand know
4)教会告诉要相信
teach tell believe
5)找出爱恨区别点
find love hate
He has decided to go to the countryside. 他已决心去乡下。
4.(1)“疑问词 + 动词不定式”结构可以作动词know、think、find out等的宾语。I don’t know who to ask. 我真不知道该问谁。
(2)“疑问词 + 动词不定式”可以作动词show、teach、ask等后面的直接宾语。
She told me where to find the earphone. 她告诉我什么地方可以找到耳机。
5.动词不定式可以作介词的宾语。
Autumn harvest is about to start. 秋收即将开始。
I’m worrying about what to do next. 我正愁下一步该怎么办。
(三)动词不定式作定语
作定语的动词不定式与被修饰词有动宾关系。此时,如果动词不定式的动词为不及物动词,后面的介词绝对不能省略。
动词分“及物”和“不及物”,“及”你就理解成“涉及,有联”,“物”你就理解成“事物或人”。及物的动词”就是“涉及事物的动词”即“有受对象的动词”或“带宾语的动词”(像买buy,花费spend);“不及物的动词”就是“不带宾语的动词”“没有动作承受对象的动词”(像跑run,跳jump,)。 所以介词不能够省略。
I have a lot of books to read.
我有许多书要读。
We had only a cold room to live in. 我们只有寒室一间。
I have( some work) to do.
我有(一些工作)要做。
(名词 )定语
解析:动词不定式to do(要做)限定修饰work(工作)的属性,作work(工作)的定语;注意:动词不定式to do只能作名词代词的后置定语
(四)动词不定式作状语
I come here to see you.
(我)〈来到〉这里来看你。
(主语)〈谓词动词〉 状语
解析:动词不定式to see you(来看你)修饰动词come(来)的目的,作目的状语
(五)动词不定式作宾补
(I )〈want〉{ you} to join us.
(我)〈想要〉{你}加入我们。
(主语)〈谓语〉{宾语} 宾补
解析:动词不定式to join us(加入我们)补充说明you(你)的动作,作you(你)的宾补;
(六)动词不定式作表语
(My dream)〈 is 〉to be a teacher.
(我的梦想)〈是〉当老师。
(主语)〈 系动词〉 表语
解析:动词不定式to be a teacher(当老师)表示My dream的内容,作表语;
(七)区别下列词组的不同含义:
remember to do 记住要做某事
remember doing 记得曾经做过某事
forget to do忘记要做某事
forget doing 忘记曾经做过某事
stop to do 停下来去做某事
stop doing 停止做某事
go on to do 继续做另一件事
go on doing 继续做原来在做的事
(八)It takes sb some time to do sth.花费某人一段时间干某事.
It took me half an hour to do my homework yesterday.昨天我花了半小时做回家作业.
It took Jim an hour and a half to read the book.吉姆花了一个半小时看这本书.
It took mother one and a half hours to do the housework.母亲花了一个半小时干家务.
(九)不定式的特殊句型Why not
"Why not +动词原形"表达向某人提出建议,翻译为:"为什么不……?" "干吗不……?"
Why not take a holiday?
干吗不去度假?
二、动词不定式特殊用法
(一)It's for sb.和 It's of sb.
1)lt's +形容词+for sb.
此句型常用于表示事物的特征特点,表示客观形式的形容词,如easy, hard, difficult,interesting, impossible等:
It's very hard for him to study two languages.
对他来说学两门外语是很难的。
It’s dangerous for children to swim in the river. 孩子在这条河里游泳很危险。(游泳这件事情危险)。
2)lt's+形容词+of sb
此句型一般用来表示人物的性格、品德,表示主观感情或态度的形容词,如good, bad, polite, unkind, kind, nice, clever, right, wrong, careful, careless, nice, clever, foolish, right等。
lt's foolish of you to do that.
It's very nice of you to help me.
你来帮助我,你真是太好了。
It was careless of you to do that.
你这么做真粗心。(你这个人粗心)。
for 与of 的辨别方法:
用介词后面的代词作主语,用介词前边的形容词作表语,造个句子。如果道理上通顺用of,不通则用for。如:
You are nice.(通顺,所以应用of)。
He is hard.(人是困难的,不通,因此应用for。)
(二)用作介词的to
to 有两种用法:
第一种用法为:不定式+动词原形;
第二种用法为:介词+名词/动名词..
to 在下面的用法中是第二种即to+ 名词/动名词:
admit to承认
confess to承认
be accustomed to 习惯于
be used to 习惯于
stick to 坚持
turn to开始,着手于
devote oneself to 献身于
be devoted to 致力于
look forward to 盼望
pay attention to 注意
(三)省 略to 的动词不定式
1) 情态动词 :( 除ought 外,ought to)
2) 使役动词: let, have, make
3) 感官动词: see, watch, look at, notice , observe, hear, listen to, smell, feel, find 等后作宾补,省略to;
注意:在被动语态中则to 不能省掉。
I saw him clean the classroom.
=He was seen to clean the classroom.
The boss made them work the whole night.
=They were made to work the whole night.
4) would rather,had better;
5) Why… / why not…;
6) help 可带to,也可不带to, help sb (to) do sth;
7) but和except:but前是动词do时,后面出现的动词用不带to的动词不定式;
8) 由and, or和than连接的两个不定式,第二个to 可以省去;
9) 通常在discover, imagine, suppose, think, understand等词后,可以省去to be;
He is supposed (to be) nice. 他应该是个好人。
举例:He wants to move to France and marry the girl.He wants to do nothing but go out.
比较:He wants to do nothing but go out.
He wants to believe anything but to take the medicine.
典型例题
1) ---- I usually go there by train.
---- Why not ___ by boat for a change?
A. to try going B. trying to go
C. to try and go D. try going
答案:
D. why not 后面接不带to 的不定式,因此选D。
2) Paul doesn't have to be made ___.
He always works hard.
A. learn B. to learn C. learned D. learning
答案:
B. make后接不带to 的动词不定式,当其用于被动时,to 不可省略。
(四)动词不定式的否定式。
在不定式标志to前加上not。例如:
Tell him not to shut the window。让他别关窗。
She pretended not to see me when I passed by. 我走过的时候,她假装没看见。
【典型例题】
1)Mrs. Smith warned her daughter ___ after drinking.
A. never to drive B. to never driver
C. never driving D. never drive
答案:A。warn sb to do sth. 的否定形式为warn sb not to do sth. 此处用的是否定词never.
2) The boy wanted to ride his bicycle in the street,but his mother told him ____.
A. not to B. not to do
C. not do it D. do not to
答案:A。not to 为not to do it 的省略形式。可以只用to这个词,而不必重复整个不定式词组。及物动词do后应有宾语,因此
也B,D不对。