英语复合句中,让步状语从句用于表示退一步思考的情境,常见引导词有though、although、as等。该从句可以放在主句前或后,通常用于强调新情况或主张。用法上需注意主句中的连词搭配和从句的倒装结构。此外,还有其他短语和连词可引导让步的从句或短语,如despite、regardless of等。
英语复合句中,很多从句往往相当于一个副词,充当句子状语。根据从句意思,可以划分出不同类型的状语从句。表示退一步思考的状语从句,就称为“让步状语从句”。也就是我们经常所说的,“尽管,即使.....”承认所提到的事实,然后提出新情况或自己的主张。这样在说理时更容易让人接受。
一、常见引导词
让步状语从句引导词包括:though、although、as(可译为“虽然,尽管”),even if、even though(可译为“即使,尽管,纵然”),whether、 whether...or(not)(可译为“不管......是否......,不管是......还是......)wh-ever、no matter wh-(可译为“无论......”)等。例如:no matter what(可译为“无论什么”,等于whatever。)no matter who(可译为“无论谁”,等于whoever);no matter which(可译为“无论哪一个”等于whichever。);no matter when(可译为“无论什么时候”,等于whenever。);no matter how(可译为“无论怎么样”,等于however,);in spite of the fact that…(可译为“尽管......事实如此”根据that从句后面意思补充。)
二、用法比较
1.though/although引导的让步状语从句
通常,although比though语气重,多用于句首,一般情况下可以互换使用。though引导的从句可以放在主句前或后面。
例如:
Though he is young, he can speak French.
他虽然年幼,但是他会讲法语。
Although she is a woman,she can do much tiring work.
虽然她是个女人,但是她会做很累的活
She passed the examination though she had not studied very hard.
她虽然不用功学习,考试却及格了。
2. even if和even though引导的让步状语从句
例如:
Even if I am a woman,I will work like a man.
即使我是个女人,我也会像男人一样去工作。
同样的意思也可以说成:
Even though I am a woman,I will work like a man.
3. as和though引导的倒装式让步状语从句
as必须用倒装结构,though可用也可不用倒装结构。倒装结构时,通常把从句中的表语、状语或谓语动词放在句首。
常见句式为:
表语+as+主句+连系动词
例如:
Tired as she is, she goes on working.
她虽然很累,但她继续工作。
注意:
作表语的名词前如有不定冠词a/an,在倒装结构中,前面不能再加冠词。
例如:
Child as/though he is, he can help me.
他虽然是个小孩儿,但他能帮我。
状语+as+主语+(动词)
例如:
Much as I love you,I can't go with you.
尽管我很爱你,我不能跟你一起走。
也可以说成:
Though I love you very much, I can't go with you.
谓语(动词原形)+as+主语+(动词)
例如:
Try as she might, she couldn't fix the computer well.
尽管她尝试了,她没能把电脑修好。
4."no matter+疑问词"或"疑问词–ever"引导的让步状语从句
常见的有:
no matter what=whatever
no matter who=whoever
no matter when=whenever
no matter where=wherever
no matter which=whichever
no matter how=however
译为"无论…",在让步状语从句中,等号两边的词可以互换。
例如:
No matter what(Whatever)you do, I will forgive you.
无论你做什么,我将都会原谅你。
也可以说成:
Whatever you do, I will forgive you.
No matter who you are, you must keep the law.
不管你是谁,你都要遵纪守法。
也可以说成:
Whoever you are, you must keep the law.
注意:"No matter +疑问词…"不能引导主语从句和宾语从句,但是wh-ever的词是可以引导主语从句或宾语从句的。
例如:
Whatever you say is right.
无论你说什么都是对的。
但不可以说成:
No matter what you say is right.
You can't do whatever you want.
你不能做任何想做的事情。
但不可以说成:
You can't do no matter what you want.
5. while引导的让步状语从句
while引导让步状语从句时,意义上相当于although,只能放在句首。
例如:
While he is ugly, he is smart.
虽然他很丑,但是很聪明。
亦可以说成:
Although he is ugly, he is smart.
6. be引导的倒装式让步状语从句
例如:
They look the same, be they tall or short.
他们看起来都一样,无论高矮。
Be it rainy or sunny, I will go there.
不管天晴还是下雨,我都去那儿。
7. whether引导的让步状语从句
whether…or...(不管...还是...)连接的是两个相反的方面,这两方面的可能性都不会影响到主句。
例如:
You must attend the meeting, whether you are free or busy.
无论忙与不忙,你必须出席这个会议。
Whether you believe it or not, it's true.
无论你是否相信,这都是真的。
8. in spite of the fact that引导的让步状语从句
in spite of+短语
例如:
In spite of great peril, I have survived.
尽管危险巨大,我还是活了下来。
In spite of my outward calm I was very shaken.
尽管表面看似平静,我内心却非常慌乱。
in spite of the fact that+句子
In spite of the fact he failed the exam, he will never give up.尽管他考试不及格,他将不会放弃。
三、though、although和as的区别
1、在用法上,though=even though=even if,以及although都是连词,可译为“即使......”
A、though和although的主句中可以用yet, still, nevertheless,但不可使用but。但翻译时就是还是转折关系,译为“虽然......但是......”
例如:
Although/Though he was worn out, (still) he kept on working.
虽然他已经精疲力竭了,但仍然继续工作。
B、though引导的从句可以倒装,也可以不倒装;as引导的从句必须倒装;although引导的从句不能倒装。
其结构为:形容词/分词/副词/动词原形/名词(无冠词)+as/though+主语+谓语……
2、though可用作副词,放在句末,意为“不过,但是”。Although无此用法。
例如:
It was hard work; I enjoyed it, though.
那工作很苦,但是我喜欢干。
也可以说成:
It was hard work, but I enjoyed it.
3、某些短语也引导让步的从句或短语,意为“尽管”,除了despite、in spite of the fact that以外, 还有 despite the fact that..., regardless of,regardless of the fact that...
例如:
We took many pictures although/though the sky was cloudy.
尽管是阴天,我还是拍了许多照片。
同样的意思也可以表示为:
We took many pictures despite/ in spite of the cloudy sky.
He pursued his dreams regardless of the obstacles.
他追求自己的梦想,不顾困难。
Everyone has the right to good medical care regardless of their ability to pay.
无论支付能力如何,每个人都有权得到良好的医疗。
He decided to go on the trip regardless of the fact that it was raining heavily.
他决定去旅行,不管事实上正在下大雨。