不带to的动词不定式口诀是“一感二听三让五看”。(语法上强制性要求省略to)
有个口诀帮助记忆在哪些动词后面接的不定式不带to。具体来说,“一感”指的是感觉动词,如“feel”;“二听”指的是听觉动词,如“listen to”和“hear”;“三使”指的是使役动词,如“let”、“make”和“have”;“五看”则包括视觉动词,如“see”、“look at”、“watch”、“notice”和“observe”。在这些动词后面接的不定式作为宾语补足语时,通常省略to。数字记忆口诀为:1-2-3-5口诀法则)例如,
I felt something crawl up my arm.(通常不用于进行时(通过触觉)注意到,意识到,感觉到;其它含义时就需要带上to)
我觉得有个东西顺着手臂往上爬。
注意:
She felt it to be her duty to tell the police.
她认为她有责任报警。(feel通常不用于进行时,含义是以为;认为;相信。此时其后的不定式作宾语补足语是要带上to)
They felt the plan to be unwise.他们认为这个计划不明智。(理由同上)
Please listen to me sing the song again.请听我再唱一遍这首歌。
We often listen to the girl sing next door.我们经常听那个女孩在隔壁唱歌。
I like listening to her sing songs every morning.
我喜欢在每天早晨听她唱歌。
We listened to the old man tell his story.
我们听这位老人讲述他的经历。
He listened to Howard give the valedictory address at high school graduation.
他听了霍华德在中学毕业典礼上作的告别演讲。
Let's not tell her what we did.
咱们干的事可别告诉她。
She always makes me laugh.
她总是让我发笑。
He had the bouncers throw them out of the club.
他叫保安人员把他们轰出了俱乐部。(只有这个含义后接不定式作宾语补足语才省略to:要(或安排)(某人)做(某事))
I saw him cross the road.我看见他过马路了。
She looked at the cat run away. 她看着那只猫跑掉了。
You only have to look at her to see she doesn't eat enough.
你只消看一眼就知道她进食不够多。
《牛津高阶英汉双解词典》这个句子很有意思,see这个动作是主语施动的,并不是宾语her施动的,所以带to.大家一定要把握一个原则,宾语补足语的执行者是宾语。
They watched the bus disappear into the distance.
他们注视着公共汽车消失在远方。
I noticed them come in.
我注意到他们进来了。
The police observed a man enter the bank.
警察注意到一个男人走进了银行。
值得注意的是,当这类句子变为被动语态时,不定式前的to需要带上,因为此时这类不定式已经转化为主语补足语,以符合被动语态的结构。例如:
A child was seen to enter the building.有人看见孩子进了这栋大楼。
She was often heard to sing this song.经常有人听见她唱这首歌。
The woman was seen to enter a bank.有人看见这个女人进了一家银行。
Paul doesn’t have to be made to learn. He always work hard.
保罗不必被迫去学习。他总是努力学习。
The boy often makes his sister cry , but this time he was made to cry by his sister.
这个男孩经常让他的妹妹哭,但这次他是被他的妹妹弄哭的。
变被动语态后这些不定式都是加了to的。这是因为被动语态中,原来的宾语补足语变成了主语补足语,需要加上to。
还有一种情况,如这些词后接的不定式作宾语补足语时是不定式完成式时,通常应该带to.如:
I noticed her to have come early.
我注意到她来得很早。