除了非真实条件状语从句(前期有专门文章论述)之外,还有许多语言手段来表达非真实的情况。动词不定式就是此种手段之一。动词不定式用作条件状语时,它不是通过词汇手段(如if, as long as, provided等),而是通过语法手段来表示条件关系的。因此,在英译汉时,要将这种语法手段转化为汉语词汇手段。非完成体的动词不定式既可以表达与现在事实相反的条件或假设(如例1),也可以表达与过去事实相反的条件或假设(如例2)。它们之间的区别可以通过句子的谓语动词的时态来反映出来。请看:
例1.You would do well to write more distinctly.
你要是写得再清楚一些就好了。
(动词不定式to write more distinctly提出与现在事实相反的条件或假设)
类似例句:
A man would be blind not to see that.
一个人如果看不到这件事,那他就是瞎了眼。
To hear Sandra and Britney tell it, raising a kid on their own will be a piece of cake/walk in the park/no sweat.
要是听听桑德拉和布兰妮说话(那口气),感觉靠她们自己抚养一个孩子,简直是小菜一碟。
To look at him, you could hardly help laughing.
假如看到他一眼的话,你就会禁不住大笑起来。
To hear him talk, you would think he owned the whole world.
要是你听过他说话,会认为整个世界都是他的。
说明非完成体动词不定式表达与现在事实相反的条件或假设时,句子谓语动词可以使用的结构有:could/would/might + 动词原形。
例2.In face, the nation’s first settlers would have been very surprised to see have Americans celebrate Christmas today.
事实上,要是美国最早的定居者看到当今美国人庆祝圣诞节的盛况,会感到十分惊讶。
(动词不定式to see have Americans celebrate Christmas today提出与过去事实相反的条件或假设)
例3.He would have given anything to be friends with Rose.
要是那时他能跟罗丝交上朋友的话,他是什么都愿意付出的。
例4.What would I not have given to be able to say the rules without a mistake!
要是当时我能一字不差地把那些规则说出来,我是什么代价都愿意付出的!
(动词不定式to be able to say the rules without a mistake是表示与过去事实相反的假设;这一点恰恰与句子的谓语动词would I not have given相互呼应。)
例5.All that I have I would have given gladly not to be standing here today.
如果今天我能够不站在这里的话,那我会很乐意把自己所有的一切都奉献出来的。
例6.I would have given much to have been able to call off the whole thing.
要是那时我能够取消整个这件事的话,那我是多大的牺牲都愿意做出来的。
以上例句说明:非完成体的动词不定式既可以表达与现在事实相反的条件或假设(如例1),也可以表达与过去事实相反的条件或假设(如例2)。而完成体的动词不定式(例6:to have been able to call off the whole thing)更能显性地表达与过去事实相反的条件或假设。
这类句型要注意句子的谓语动词的结构:would do 或would have done等等;另外翻译时要把时间和非真实条件的语气适当地表达出来。