过去分词在句中可以作定语、表语、宾补、状语、独立主格结构及独立成分。
Ⅰ.作定语
1）前置定语
A.单个的过去分词放在被修饰的名词之前，作前置定语。
A watched pot never boils. 心急锅不开。
All the broken doors and windows have been repaired.
When we arrived, we each were given a printed question paper.
B.单个过去分词前加一名词或副词用连字符连接起来构成一个复合形容词，作前置定语
This is a state-owned factory.
This is our school-run factory.
Air-conditioned rooms有空调的房间 hand-made goods 手工操作泵
A well-dressed woman穿着讲究的女子
a cautiously-worded statement
措辞谨慎的声明
C.表示感觉的过去分词词用作定语：
The worried look deepened upon her face. 她脸上的愁容加重了。
Martin’s confused sorrows turned to optimism. 马丁烦乱的悲哀情绪转而变成了乐观情绪。
提示： 如要表示强调，单个过去分词也可作后置定语。
Money spent is more than money earned. 入不敷出。
D.every/some/any/no + thing/body/one所构成的复合代词或指示代词those等后
Is there anything unsolved? There is noting changed here since I left this town.
特殊的单一的过去分词作后置定语：
The designers decided to change the materials used.设计者决定改变所用的材料。
The man concerned was her husband.
有关者是她的丈夫。
How much time is there left?
还剩下多少时间？
2)后置定语
作后置定语的过去分词一般都带有修饰语或其他成分，在语法上相当于一个定语从句。
We have read many novels written by this author. = that are written by this author
Half of the honoured guests invited to the reception were foreign ambassadors.
= who had been invited to the reception…
被邀请到招待会上的贵宾有一半都是外国大使。
The meeting, attended by one thousand students, was a success.
= which was attended by one thousand students
A woman, dressed like a lawyer, came in and took her seat as judge.
= who was dressed like a lawyer
3)动词的-ed形式作定语和-ing形式作定语的区别
动词的-ed形式作定语表示动作已完成或和被动，而-ing形式作定语表示动作正在进行或和主动。
注意:
以下过去分词只有完成但没有被动的意思：
faded, fallen, gone, retired, returned, risen,
set,muchtraveled,newlyarrived, boiled,
recently,come,developed,changed,vanished
the risen sun升起的太阳
vanished jewels消失了的珠宝
returned students 归国留学生
a dated map 过时的地图
boiled water开水
boiling water正沸腾的水
fallen leaves落叶
falling leaves 正在飘落的叶子
developed countries
发展的国家
developing countries发展中国家
changed condition
改变了的情况
changing condition变化着的情况
4）由名词加-ed结尾的形容词，不是过去分词
Skilled workers 熟练工人
salaried class 工薪阶层
Good-natured天性善良的
one-sided片面的
Absend-minded心不在焉的
muddle-headed糊里糊涂的
5)作前置定语的过去分词（形容词）与作谓语或表语的过去分词的形式往往不一样。
light lighted / lit drink drunken drunk
melt melted /melt sink sunken sunk
We lit the candle and the candle lit up the room.
There is a lighted candle on the table.
6）三种不同时态的过去分词作定语：
the bridge to be built
将要建造的桥 （表示将来的动作）
the bridge being built
正在建造的桥 （表示正在进行的动作）
the bridge built
造好的桥 （表示完成的动作）
Ⅱ.作表语：
过去分词在连系动词后作表语，说明主语的状态。
The students are fully prepared. 学生们已做好了充分的准备。
When we got there, the shop was closed. 我们到那儿时，商店已经关门了。
She felt satisfied with her performance on the high-and-low bars.
The land remained unexploited. 这片土地尚未开发。
Hearing the news, he looked disappointed.
The top of the mountain is covered with snow all through the year.
区别：过去分词作表语和被动语态中的过去分词。
作表语的过去分词表示状态，被动语态中的过去分词表示被动动作。
All the doors are locked. 所有的门都是锁着的。（过去分词作表语，表示状态）
All the doors were locked by the guard. 所有的门都被卫兵锁上了。（被动语态，表示动作）
Peter the Great is buried here. 彼得大帝就埋葬在这里。（过去分词表语，表示状态
Peter the Great was buried here in 1725. 彼得大帝于1725年被埋葬在这里。（被动语态，表示动作）
已形容词化的去分词:
astonished,completed,covered,crowded, devoted, discouraged,disappointed done,
dressed, drunk, experienced, frightened,
gone, hurt, interested, killed, known,
learned, lost, pleased, satisfied, shut,
surprised, tired,broken, undressed, worried, 等可以被very, too等副词修饰。但amused, puzzled, relaxed不能被very, too修饰只能被much修饰。
例如
These problems are very puzzling. 这些问题很令人迷惑。
We are much puzzled by his failure to reply. 他不给我们回信使我们百思不得其解。
His speech was very moving. 他的演讲非常感人。
All the people present were moved to tears.
She was annoyed at your saying that. 你这样讲她很不高兴。
I am afraid I’m slightly drunk. 。
I’m obliged to you for all you’ve done for us. 我很感激你为我们所做的一切。
The couple were devoted to each other. 这对夫妻十分恩爱。
注：有些带-ed结尾的词，并不是过去分词，而是由名词变化而来的形容词：
As an artist, she is quite gifted. 作为画家，她很有天赋。
Ⅲ.过去分词作宾语补足语
1）在感觉动词see, hear, feel, notice, watch, find后作宾语补足语。
I heard the Ninth Symphony played last night. We found all the rivers seriously polluted.
Yesterday I noticed a little girl caught stealing in the shop.
He felt his collar pulled by someone from behind.
Rarely had I seen him so worked-up.
我很少见他这样激动过。
He felt a great weight taken off his mind. 他感到心头如释重负。
He acknowledged himself defeated.
他承认自己被打败了。
2）在使役动词get, have, make, leave, keep等后作宾语补足语。
①动词的过去分词作get的宾语补足语。
Doris got her bad tooth pulled out in the hospital. I'll just get these dishes washed and then I'll come.
比较：
动词get后也可接动词不定式或动词的-ing形式作宾语补足语，和宾语是主动关系。
I couldn’t get the car to start this morning.
He got his sister to help him with his clothes. 他让姐姐帮他洗衣服。
It is not hard to get him talking; the problem is stopping him!
Can you really get that old clock going again ?
②动词的过去分词作make的宾语补足语。
He raised his voice in order to make himself heard.
You should make your views known to the public.
注意：
动词make后的宾语补足语可用不带to的动词不定式或动词的过去分词，但不可用动词的-ing形式。
【误】Can you make the students understanding the text
【正】Can you make the students understand the text ?
【正】Can you make the text understood by the students?
③动词的过去分词作keep或leave的宾补
They all went home, leaving all the work undone.
The detective and his assistant kept themselves locked in the room all night.
Keep your mouth shut and your eyes open. （谚）少说多看。
3）某些动词后（如want, need, prefer, would like等），作宾语补足语的不定式被动形式省略“to be”，就成了过去分词作宾语补足语。
I would like this matter (to be) settled immediately.
I'd prefer this book translated by my sister. We need the work (to be) finished by Saturday.
The peasants don't want good farmland (to be) built on.
4）动词have后所接的宾语补语：
have somebody/something done 宾语和补足语之间有逻辑上的被动关系，有两种情况：
①主语让别人做某事，强调主语的意志。如：
He had his hair cut yesterday. Later on the center had a great many new trees planted.
②主语遭到某种不幸或陷入恶劣的环境，说明宾语的一种无意识的被动行为。如：
He had his leg broken in the match last month.他在上星期的比赛中摔断了腿。
He had one eye lost in the war.
在战争中，他失去了一只眼睛。
区别 :
have somebody/something do something 不定式动作由宾语发出，表示一次性的动作。
have somebody /something doing something 分词动作由宾语发出，强调动作延续或进行。
I had the workers do the job for me. 我让工人们替我完成了工作。
Jim often has his father help him with his homework.
吉姆经常让他的父亲帮助做家庭作业。
They had the tractor working all the time. 他们让拖拉机一直工作着。
We won’t have the child talking to his mother like that. 我们不能让那孩子那样对他妈妈说话。
Ⅳ. 过去分词作状语
它的逻辑主语必须和句子的主语相一致。
1）多放在句首，也可放在后面或插在中间
Seen from the hill,the city looks
magnificent.从山上看这座城市非常壮观。
A bit frightened,I handed it to her.
我略带惊恐地把它递给了她。
Greatly interested,I asked how he played these works.
Given good health,I hope to finish the work this year.
She entered, accompanied by her mother.
她由他母亲陪着走进来。
They came in,followed by their wives.
他们走了进来，妻子们跟随在后。
He soon felt asleep,exhausted by the journey.由于旅途劳顿，他很快就睡着了。
Henry ,terribly embarrassed ,blushed too.
亨利十分尴尬，脸也红了。
Mr.cooper, deeply moved ,thanked him again and again.库柏先生深为感动，一再向他表示感谢。
Born and brought up in the countryside, he was interested in biology.
2）一个单独的过去分词也可用作状语：
Depressed,he went to see his elder sister.
情绪低沉时他就去看他的姐姐。
Frustrated,he went back to his hometown.他灰心丧气地回到了家乡。
“She’s right.”he said,pleased.
他高兴的说：“她是对的。”
He turned away ,disappointed.
他失望地走开了。
Shelley ,astonished ,urged her to explain.
雪莱很是吃惊，忙催她解释。
3)．过去分词作状语的具体用法：
①表示时间 相当于一个时间状语从句。
Seen from the tower, the city looks beautiful.
= When the city is seen from the tower...
Shown the lab, we were taken to see the library.
= After we had been shown the lab...
Completely examined by the doctors, he went back to school right away.
= After he was completely examined...
②. 表示原因 相当于一个原因状语从句。
Moved by the heroic deeds, the children couldn't help crying.
= Since they were moved by the heroic deeds ...
Written in haste, her letter is very hard to read.
=As it was written in haste ... 因为写得快，她的信很难阅读。
Excited by the new discovery, we decided to go out and celebrate.
=Because we were excited by...
③. 表示条件 相当于一个条件状语从句。
Heated, water changes into steam.
= If water is heated...加热，水就能变成蒸汽。
Given more time, he would be able to do better. = If he was given more time ...假如多给一些时间，
Compared with other professors, she was an excellent speaker. 与其他教授相比，她是一个优秀的演说家。
④.表示让步 相当于 thoughal、though引导的让步状语从句。
Exhausted by the running, they went on running after the robber.
= Although they were exhausted by the
running ...尽管已经跑得筋疲力尽，他们还是继续追赶着那个强盗。
Laughed at by many people, he continued his research.
=Even if he was laughed by many people ...
Questioned many times a day, Andrew kept silent over the murder.
提示：
有时过去分词作状语和动词的-ing形式的被动式作状语，并没有多大的区别，可以互换。
Suddenly seized with a high fever, he was unable to attend school.
= Being suddenly seized with a high fever, he was unable to attend school.
Brought up in the countryside, he found it hard to get used to town life.
= Having been brought up in the countryside, he found it hard to get used to town life.
⑤表示行为方式、伴随情况或补充说明, 通常位于句子的后面，相当于一个并列分句。
The teacher stood there, surrounded by the students.
= and he was surrounded by the students
He went into the office, followed by some children.
= and he was followed by some children
They turned around and stood in the middle of the room, completely astonished.
She accepted the gift, deeply moved. 她接受了礼物，深深地感动了。
注意：动词的过去分词形式在句中不能用作主语或宾语。
【误】Invited to the state banquet is a great honour.
【正】To be invited to the state banquet is a great honour. 被邀请出席国宴是极大的荣耀。
【误】I cannot stand laughed at.
【正】I cannot stand being laughed at. 我不能容忍被人嘲笑。
注意：
有时为了强调过去分词作状语时可在分词前加以下连接词:
when, while, once,if,unless,though,although, even if, even though, as if, whenever, than, as (像)
例如
When asked why she was late for class again, she hung her head in shame.
When told of the news, she got very excited.
Seen from the hill/ When seen from the hill,our town looks beautiful.
Once recovered, he went all out to do his work. 一恢复健康，他就全力以赴地干起了工作。
Once started, the clock will go half a month and keep good time.
Given more time/ If given more time,we
could have done it better.
Unless invited,he will not come back to the company.
Even if invited,I won't go.
Though beaten by the opposite team,they did not lose heart.
Though surrounded, they didn’t give up.
I went on talking ,though continually interrupted by George.。
He tarted as if awakened from a dream.他吓了一跳，彷佛从梦中惊醒似的。
Whenever asked about it,he could hardly hold back his emotions.
Ⅵ．过去分词独立主格结构: 独立结构中的being或having been常可省去，
The meeting (being) over, all left the room. All things considered, her paper is of great value than yours.
The work (having been) finished, she sat
down to have a rest.
独立结构常可用with（without）短语来代替，用作伴随状语, 过去分词作介词的宾语补足语。
With everything well arranged, he left the office. With all our money run out, Henry had to find another job.
With all things considered, the planned trip will have to be called off.
He sat with his arms clasped round his knees.他双手抱膝坐着。
He was lying on the grass, with his hands crossed under his head.
She read the letter with tears rolling down
her cheeks.
She has come back with her backpack filled with interesting picture-books.
All afternoon he worked with the door locked.
That year ended with nothing settled.
Without any grain left in the house, the little girl had to go begging.
Without any more time given, we couldn't finish the task in three weeks.
Ⅶ．动词的过去分词作独立成分。
judged by，
taken as a whole，
granted (that),
given,
provided(that)，
put frankly,
included被包括 ，
例如
Judged by ordinary standards,he was reliable.用普通标准来判断，他是可靠的。
Taken as a whole, there is nothing with the book.总的来说，这本书没有问题。
Granted the exceptions,Tony agreed that all English women are haughty.
Given good weather ,our ship will reach Bombay on Monday evening.
Given the general state of his health, it may take him a while to recover from the operation.
Provided that my expenses are paid, I will
go.要是我的费用有人代付，我就去。
Put frankly, I don't agree with what he said. 坦白地说，我不同意他所说的。