现在分词在句中可以作定语，宾补，表语，状语，独立主格结构以及独立成分。
Ⅰ.现在分词作定语
单个分词作定语时放在所修饰名词前 ，分词短语作定语时放在后，可以转化为一个进行时的定语从句 。
a running boy
——＞a boy who is running
a girl standing there
——＞a girl who is standing there
注意：分词的完成时不可作定语
Ⅱ.现在分词作宾补
１）感官动词的宾补：feel see watch notice find look at observe hear listen to
２）使役动词的病补：have get catch leave set
eg. I saw him singing now.
Don't have the students studying all day.
注意 ：主语补足语 上述动词的被动语态形式时动名词是主语补足语
Ⅲ.现在分词作表语
现在分词作表语有三级变化，可被副词修饰 The story is interesting.
The match is exciting.
注意 ：表动作的现在分词不能作表语
A boy is running.
这不是主系表而是主谓（其中助动词is与现在分词running和起来作谓语）
Ⅳ.现在分词作状语
分词作状语时的逻辑主语一般要与句中主语保持一致。
在句中作时间、条件、原因、让步状语时要位于句首，且与后面用逗号隔开；作结果、方式、伴随状语时要位于句尾，且与前面用逗号隔开，有时也可以不用 。
①作时间状语
Walking in the street,I saw him.
当我在街上走时，我看到他了．
可以转化为一个时间状语从句
—＞When/While I was walking in the street,I
saw him.
可以改写为
—＞When/While walking in the street,I saw him.
注意：省略的主语要与句中主语保持一致 区别下面例句：
When/While he was walking in the street,I saw him.
=He walking in the street,I saw him.
当他在街上走时，我看到他了 。
②作条件状语
Working hard,you will succeed.
Going straight down the road, you will find the department store
= If you go straight down the road...
③作原因状语
Being ill,she stayed at home.
注意: being常用来作原因状语的
④作让步状语
Having failed many times,he didn't lost
heart.
⑤作结果状语
His friend died,leaving him a lot of money,
⑥作方式状语
Please answer the question using another way.
⑦作伴随状语
He is standing there,singing.
可以转化为一个并列句
——＞He is standing there,and he is singing there.
注意. 分词和不定式作状语的区别
1)分词作状语一般表示伴随，不定式常常表示目的。
They stood by the roadside talking about
the plan．
他们站在路边谈论着这个计划。(伴随)
They stood by the roadside to talk about
the plan．
他们站在路边为的是谈论这个计划。(目的)
2)分词表示原因，时间或条件状语时，放在句子开头；不定式表原因，目的或结果状语时，放在句子末尾。
Reading carefully,you'll learn something
new．
只要你仔细阅读，你会学到一些新的东西。
The boy is not tall enough to reach the book shelf．
这男孩个子不够高，手伸不到书架。(结果)
We are too glad to hear the news．
我们很高兴听到这消息。(原因)
Ⅴ.现在分词作独立主格结构
分词作状语时，其逻辑主语与句中主语不一致时，就是独立主格结构．它可置于句首、句尾，用逗号与主句隔开。
分词独立结构可表示伴随情况、陪衬动作、附加说明以及表示时间、原因、条件等。
The moon has no light of its own, only
sunlight shining on it. (附加说明)
She rushed out of the room, the little baby
carried in her arms. (伴随动作)
Maggie ran back to the kitchen, eggs held
carefully in her hand. (伴随动作)
Circumstances changed, it is necessary for you to make a new plan. (表示原因)
Winter coming，it gets colder and colder．
A force acting through a distance, work is
done. (表示条件)
The subject having been opened，he had to go on with it.
话题已经开始了，他不得不谈下去。
All the compositions having
been written and collected, the teacher
dismissed the students.
注意 there be句型和it也能引出分词独立结构，作状语，
There being nothing else to do, we went
home.
There having been no rain, the plants
withered.
It being impossible for most students to
turn in their papers as scheduled, the
teacher decided to give them another two
days.
注：当逻辑主语是人的身体部位时，后面动词是vt用过去分词,如果是vi就用现在分词
如果是由身体部位自己本身发出的动作时就用现在分词
The boy lay on the ground,his eyes closed
and his hands trembling．
这个男孩躺在地上，眼睛闭着，手在发抖．
Ⅵ.现在分词作独立成分
judging from…,
frankly (broadly, generally, properly, strictly)speaking,
talking about…,
speaking of…,
looking at…,
taking…into consideration,
including 包括,
excepting, 除…外,
concerning与…有关,
admitting (that)假如
assuming (that)假如
granting(that)假如
supposing (that)假如
providing(that)假如
Judging from his accent, he must be from
the South.
从他的口音判断，他一定是南方人。Strictly speaking, nobody is allowed in here.严格地讲，谁也不允许在这儿。
Taking all things into consideration, his
work is a successful one.
There were ten people in the room,
including me.
Granting that he had the best intention, his conduct might work great mischief.
就算他出于好意，他的行为也会引起极大不快。