高中考英语阅读中的陌生词---合成词,如何猜测其词义?

2024-10-18 16:31 来源: 文化之窗 本文影响了:5人

在高考英语阅读中,经常会遇到一些陌生词,其中不乏是合成词,那么如何来猜测合成词的含义呢?这就需要了解合成词的构词规律。根据构词法,可以形成合成词。英语合成词是由两个或两个以上的语素组成的词。

Ⅰ.常见的合成词构成形式:
A.合成形容词

1. 构成方式

  (1)  形容词/ 数词+名词   + -ed
    absent-minded 心不在焉的
    cold-blooded   冷血的
    one-eyed    独眼的
   (2) 名词+名词+ -ed
    potato-shaped    马铃薯形状的
    iron-willed    钢铁般意志的
    hand-made    手工制的
   (3)名词/ 代词+分词
    self-educated    自学的
    peace-loving     爱好和平的

    English-speaking   

   (4) 名词/ 代词+形容词
    colour-blind    色盲的
   (5) 形容词/ 数词+名词
    left-hand   左边的
    five-year    五年的
   (6) 形容词/ 数词+分词
    good-looking    相貌好看的
    (7)副词+分词
    hard-working    勤劳的
   (8) 副词+形容词
    ever-green    常青的
   (9) 形容词+形容词
    light-blue    浅蓝色的
    (10)动词+副词
    see-through    透明的
    (11)介词+名词
    downhill    下坡的
    (12)含介词或连词的短语
    word-for-word translation
    逐字的翻译


B.合成名词

  在英语合成词中,合成名词(compound nouns)数量很多,而且可以按照既定规律自行构造新词。合成名词构造法主要有下列八种方式:

①名词+名词

daybreak,sunrise, cattleshed, house-keeper, shoe-maker, headache, night-club, pocket-knife, arm-chair, wine-glass, ink-stand, man-servant,maid-servant,steamboat,goldsmith, newspaper, lawsuit, weekend等。

②形容词+名词

blackboard,commonweath,highway,

stronghold,sweetheart,easy-chair, grandson,blueprint,deadline,high-brow, 

lazy-bones等。

③动词+名词

drawbridge,grindstone,playground, pickpocket,breakfast, cut-throat, makeshift, sing-song, turn-coat, washbasin 等。

④副词虚词+名词

afterthought, offshoot, outbreak, byway, bylaw, outpost, overcoat, underclothes, outgrowth, downpour, upkeep, bystander等。

⑤副词虚词+动词

income, outlet, outlook, onset, outfit, upstart, inlet, offspring, outburst, offset等。

⑥动词+副词

die-hard, breakdown, drawback, set-up, break-up, farewell, standstill, feedback等。

⑦名词+动名词

book-keeping, town-planning, letter-writing, word-building, tiger-hunting, paper-manufacturing, bill-collecting, car-repairing, television-advertising, window-shopping, day-dreaming, photocopying, handwriting等。

⑧其他

man-of-war, forget-me-not, son-in-law, mother-in-law, commander-in-chief, editor-in-chief, merry-go-round, hide-and-seek, stay-at-home, jack-in-the-box等。


注意 在这8种构词法中,第7类“名词+动名词”最富生命力。

此外,动名词还可以下列三形式构成合成名词:

①动名词+名词

drinking water, listening material, fishingrod, waiting-room, looking-glass, stepping-stone, running mate 等。

②动名词+副词虚词

swearing-in, going-over

③副词+动名词

uprising, well-being 等

  

C.合成动词

合成动词是由两个或更多的词组合而成,常见的合成动词类型:

①副词 + 动词

overact:过分表演

overburden:负担过重

overcharge:多收费用

overdo:做得过分

overdress:穿得过分

overeat:吃得过多

overestimate:过高估计

overpower:压倒

overpraise:过分赞扬

overproduce:过度生产

overprotect:过度保护

overrule:否决

oversleep:睡过头

overspend:过度花费

overstate:夸大

overstay:逗留过久

overwork:过度工作

ill-treat虐待

②名词 + 动词

sunbathe:日光浴

sidetrack:偏离正题

typewrite:打字

house-hunt:寻找住房

browbeat:恐吓

hoodwink:欺骗

waylay:伏击

mass-produce 大规模生产

③形容词 + 动词

whitewash:粉刷

safeguard:保护3

shortlist:列入候选人名单

blackmail:敲诈

safe-guard保卫

overthrow

合成动词可用作谓语,表达一个完整的动作或状态。例如:

"He overdid his performance."他表演得太过火了。

"She sidetracked the conversation to talk about her new job."她把话题转到她的新工作上。

"The company overestimated its sales figures."公司高估了销售数字。


D.合成副词

①副词+副词
however
但是
②代词+副词
anywhere
任何地方
③副词+名词
downstairs
在楼下
⑤形容词+名词
anyway
无论如何

⑥介词+名词

underfoot   在脚下


E.合成介词

英语中合成介词通常用来表示两个概念或实体之间的关系。

以下是一些常见的合成介词

inside - 在...里面

outside - 在...外面

into - 进入

without - 没有

throughout - 遍及

upon - 在...之上

within - 在...之内

because of - 由于

in front of - 在...前面

in spite of - 尽管

instead of - 代替

owing to - 由于

这些合成介词在句子中通常用来连接名词、代词或动名词,构成介词短语,并在句中充当不同的语法成分,如定语、状语等。


F.合成代词

some , any , no , every 可与

 -thing , -one , -body 合成代词。

如:

 someone (某人),somebody (某人), something (某事,somewhere (某地), everyone (每人), everybody (每人), everything (任何东西), everywhere (任何地方), no one (没人), nobody (没人), nothing (没有任何东西), no where (没有任何地方), anyone (任何人), anybody (任何人), anything (任何物), anywhere (任何地方)。


Ⅱ.拼写方式

1.有些合成词由两个单词合成后仍写成两个单词,如 

cell phone (磁卡电话);

2.有些合成词由两个单词合成后便写成一个词,如 

schoolyard (校园), upstairs (楼上的,在楼上), downtown (商业繁华区);

3.更多的合成词是由两个词合成后写成一个词,但中间须加连字符号,如 

pencil-box (铅笔盒), man-made (人造的);

4.还有一些合成词由两个词合成后既可以连起来写,又可以分开来写,如 

forever , for ever (永远); percent , per cent (百分之)。


 Ⅲ.理解方式
    为了扩充词汇量,适应高考阅读的需要,但记住所有的合成词是不可能的,因此就需要结合语境,利用合成词的构词规律来猜测其含义。

 例 1. Studies show that social science majors are most suited for change, which is the leading feature of the kind of high-speed, high-pressure, high-tech world we now live in.
    析: high-speed, high-pressure, high-tech 均为合成词, high 为形容词,表“高的”, speed , pressure , tech 均为名词,结合语境可知, high-speed 意为“高速的”, high-pressure 意为“高压力的”, high-tech 意为“高技术的”。
   例 2. Social science majors are not only experiencing success in their long-term company jobs, but they are also finding jobs more easily.
    析: long-term 为合成词, long 为形容词,表“长的”, term 为名词,表“期限”,结合语境可知, long-term 意为“长期的”。
  例 3. The study also showed that the most sought-after quality in a person who was looking for a job was communication skills, noted as “very important” by 92 percent of the companies.
    析: sought-after 为合成词, sought 为过去分词,表“被寻找”, after 为介词,因此可猜出 sought-after 意为“被追求的”。
 例 4. “Even when a man is said to be a best friend,” Rubin writes, “the two share little about their innermost feelings … ”
    析: innermost 为合成词, inner 为形容词,表“内部的”, most 为形容词,表“最……”。显然, innermost 合起来意为“最内部的”,即“内心最深处的”。
  例 5. However, most of our ideas about the future are really very short-sighted. Perhaps we can see some possibilities for the next fifty years. But the next hundred? The next thousand? The next million?
    析: short-sighted 为合成词, short 为形容词,表“短的”, sight 为名词,表“视力;视野”。结合语境不难猜出该词意为“目光短浅的”。
  例 6. Sorting (分类) recyclables before they are collected saves the use of expensive materials recovery equipment which otherwise has to do the sorting … Shantzis believes his system could help recycled materials become more cost-effective.
    析:既然分类回收垃圾可以回避使用昂贵的装置,说明这种分类回收装置可以节约费用, cost-effective 是由 cost 和 effective 合成的,结合语境可猜知意为“划算的”,就是节约资金,正好与上文文意吻合。
  例 7. If we make the earth a poor place to live on because we are careless or greedy or quarrelsome, our grandchildren will not bother to think of excuses for us.
    析: quarrel 意为“争吵”, some 为后缀,构成形容词,结合语境可猜出 quarrelsome 意为“爱吵架的”。

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