独立主格结构（Absolute Construction）是一种英语句式，由两部分组成，前一部分是名词或者代词，后一部分是非谓语动词(不定式、现在分词、过去分词)或形容词、副词、名词或介词短语。前后两部分具有逻辑主谓关系 。独立主格结构最大的两个特征一是有自己的逻辑主语，并且这个逻辑主语和句子的主语是不一致的;二是该结构在句子中的语法功能是作状语。
在英语中，谓语只能是动词，不是谓语的动词全部改成非谓语动词。独立主格结构在句中作状语，多用于书面语。 独立主格结构本身不是句子，在句子中作状语，表时间、原因、条件、伴随、目的及状态等。
n/代词+分词 （-ing 、-ed ）形式; n. +不定式; n. +介词短语; n. +形容词; n. +副词;
独立主格结构有如下的类型：
1. 名词/主格代词+现在分词（从目前考题分析这个知识点考题最多）
名词/主格代词与现在分词之间是主动关系。（表示主动和正在进行）,如：
Time ( Weather) permitting, we shall start tomorrow.
如果时间(天气)允许的话,我们明天动身。
The plane crashed, its bombs exploding as it hit the ground.
飞机坠毁了，飞机里的炸弹在飞机触击地面时爆炸了。
The speech being delivered a lively discussion started.
一场热烈的讨论在演讲结束后开始了。
The country has already sent up three unmanned spacecraft, the most recent having been launched at the end of last March.
该国已经发射了三艘无人驾驶航天器，最近一艘于去年3月底发射。
Night falling，we hurried home.
夜幕降临，我们匆匆忙忙回家了。
Aluminum being very soft, we can press it easily into any shapes desired.
很软,所以我们可以很容易地将它压成所需要的任何形状。
The decision having been made , the next problem was how to make a good plan.
作出决定后，后,下一个问题就是如何做出一个好的计划。
It's quite heavy, the man on crutches said, his arm wavering now, ( Dan Brown , The Davinci Code)“太重了。”那个挂拐杖的人说,他胳膊颤抖着。《达·芬奇密码》
The girl staring at him(= As the girl stared at him), he didn't know what to say.
姑娘两眼望着他，他不知道说什么好。
Time permitting(= If time permits), we will go for an outing tomorrow.
如果时间允许的话，我们明天去郊游。
Weather permitting, we are going to visit you tomorrow.
如果天气允许，我们明天去看你。
It being Sunday, we went to church.因为是星期天，我们去做了礼拜。
The chief-editor arriving, we began the meeting. 主编来了，我们开始开会。
Silver is the best conductor of electricity, copper following it closely.
银是电的最佳导体，铜紧随其后。
A new technique having been worked out, the yields as a whole increased by 20 per cent.
一项新技术成的功运用，整体产量提高了20%。
Other things being equal. a man who expresses himself effectively is sure to succeed more rapidly than a man whose command of language is poor.
其他条件相同。一个能有效表达自己的人肯定比一个语言能力差的人成功得更快。
So many directors being absent, the board meeting had to be put off.
这么多董事缺席，董事会会议不得不推迟。（说独立结构可以和so连用）
The same factors push wages and prices up together, the one reinforcing the other.
同样的因素推动工资和物价一起上涨，一个因素加强了另一个因素。
All the tasks having been fulfilled ahead of time, they decided to go on holiday for a week.
所有的任务都提前完成了，他们决定去度假一周。
All flights having been cancelled because of the terrible weather, they had to go there by train.
由于天气恶劣，所有航班都取消了，他们不得不坐火车去那里。
The country's chief exports are coal, cars and cotton goods, cars being the most important of these.
该国的主要出口产品是煤炭、汽车和棉制品，其中汽车是最重要的。
2. 名词/主格代词+过去分词（表示被动和已完成）
名词/主格代词与过去分词之间是被动关系。如：
The job finished, we went home straight away. 工作结束后,我们马上回家了。
This sum added, we will have enough money for the trip. 如果加上这笔钱,我们旅行的费用就足够了。
The problems solved(= As the problems were solved), the quality has been improved.
随着问题的解决，质量已经提高了。
Her glasses broken(= Because her glasses were broken), she couldn't see the words on the blackboard.
由于眼镜摔坏了，她看不见黑板上的字。
The test finished, we began our holiday.
= When the test was finished, we began our holiday.
考试结束了，我们开始放假。
The president assassinated, the whole country was in deep sorrow.
= After the president was assassinated, the whole country was in deep sorrow.
总统被谋杀了，举国上下沉浸在悲哀之中。
This done, we went home.
工作完成后，我们才回家。
The meeting gone over, everyone tried to go home earlier.
会议结束后，每个人都想早点回家。
Not far from the school there was a garden, its owner seated in it playing chess with his little grandson every afternoon.
离学校不远有一个花园，花园主人每天下午都坐在花园里和他的小孙子下棋。
Along the rocky New England coast are small areas of sand and gravel beach, some created from glacial debris, others built up by the action of ocean storms.
沿着新英格兰的岩石海岸，有一小片砂砾海滩，有些是由冰川碎片形成的，有些是海洋风暴作用形成的。
All things considered, the planned trip will have to be called off.
考虑到所有因素，计划中的旅行将不得不取消。
3.名词/主格代词+不定式（表示将要发生的动作）
名词/主格代词与不定式之间是主动关系，且强调的是一次具体性的动作。
如：
He is going to make a model plane, some old parts to help. 借助于一些旧零件，他要做一个飞机模型。
They said good-bye to each other, one to go home, the other to go to the bookstore. 他们道别后，一个回了家，一个去了书店。
I send you today three fourths of the sum agreed upon between us , the rest to follow within a month.
我今天寄给你我们之间已商定的金额总数的四分之三,余数将在一个月之内寄去。
A number of officials followed the emperor, some to hold his robe, others to adjust his girdle, and so on.
许多官员尾随皇帝之后,有的拎着皇帝的衣袍,有的则给他整腰带等。
Here are the first two volumes, the third one to come out next month.
这儿是头两卷,第三卷下月出书。
The two parties should first reach an agreement on the basic principle, the details to be worked out later.
双方首先应该就基本的原则性问题达成协议,细节以后再定。
4.名词/主格代词+形容词（常用来说明名词或代词的性质,特征或所处的状态）
如：
An air accident happened to the plane, nobody alive.
那架飞机遭遇了空难，无一人生还。
So many people absent, the meeting had to be called off.
这么多人缺席，会议不得不取消。
He came into the room, his ears red with cold.
他回到了房子里，耳朵冻坏了。
He entered the room, his nose red with cold.
他走进屋来,鼻子冻得红红的。
Another agent hurried into the living room, his eyes urgent. ( Dan Brown, The Da Vinc
Code)
另一位特工急匆匆地走进起居室,一脸急切的神色。《达·芬奇密码》
Teabing's head snapped up, his face wild with disbelief, ( Dan Brown, The Da Vinci Code)
提彬猛地抬起头,简直无法相信自己的耳朵。(《达·芬奇密码》)
5.名词/主格代词+副词（常用来说明名词或代词的性质,特征或所处的状态）
如：
He put on his sweater ,wrong side out. 他把毛衣穿反了。
The meeting over, they all went home. 会议一结束，他们就都回家了。
Dinner over, we decided to play bridge. 吃过饭后,我们决定打桥牌。
The meal over, prayers were read by Miss Miller.(Jane Eyre)
饭后,米勒小姐读祈祷文。
6.名词/主格代词+介词短语（常用来说明名词或代词的性质,特征或所处的状态）
如：
The boy goes to the classroom, book in hand. 那男孩手里拿着书去教室。
Mary was sitting near the fire, her back towards the door.玛丽靠近火炉坐着，背对着门。
He came out of the library, a large book under his arm.
他夹着本厚书，走出了图书馆
In half an hour Delia came, her right hand in a bandage.[许国璋《英语》二),p.155
半小时后,迪莉娅回来了,她右手缠着绷带。
He went off, gun in hand. 他走了,手中握着枪。
As quickly as they could, the men ran to the steps and up into the open , many of them with their clothes on fire.
工人们尽快地往楼梯那儿跑,爬上去,来到舱外,许多人的衣服都着了火。
7.名词/主格代词+名词
His first shot failure，he fired again．
他第一枪没击中，又打了一枪。
Two hundred people died in the accident, many of them children.
两百人死于事故，其中有许多儿童。
with 引导的独立主格:与主句逻辑关系紧密
形式为: with + n. + -ed/-ing形式; with + n. +adj.; with +n. +介词短语
with ( without)+宾语（名词/代词）+宾语补足语，宾语通常由名词或代词充当，但代词一定要用宾格。上文的独立主格结构的几种情况都适用于此结构。
The girl hid her box without anyone knowing where it was.
小女孩把盒子藏了起来，没有人知道它在哪里。（without +名词/代词+动词的-ing形式）
Without a word more spoken, she left the meeting room.
她没再说什么话就离开了会议室。（without+名词/代词+动词的-ed形式）
All the afternoon he worked with the door locked.整个下午他都锁着门在房里工作。
The murderer was brought in, with his hands tied behind his back.
凶手被带了进来，双手被绑在背后。
A. beimg tied B.having tied C.to be tied D.tied(全国高考,91-22
He fell asleep with the lamp burning.他没熄灯就睡着了。（with+名词/代词+现在分词）
I won’t be able to go on holiday with my mother being ill.因为妈妈有病，我无法去度假。
The kid feels excited with so many places of interest to visit.
有这么多的名胜可参观，小孩很激动。（with+名词/代词+动词不定式）
I can’t go out with all these clothes to wash.要洗这些衣服，我无法出门了。
The boy was walking, with his father ahead.
父亲在前，小孩在后走着。（with+名词/代词+副词）
He was lying on the bed with all his clothes on.他穿着衣服躺在床上。
He stood at the door, with a computer in his hand. 或He stood at the door, computer in hand.
他站在门口，手里拿着一部电脑。（with+名词/代词+介词短语）
She came in with a book in her hand.她手里拿着一本书走了进来。
With his son so disappointing, the old man felt unhappy.
由于儿子如此令人失望，老人感到很不快乐。（with+名词/代词+形容词）
He sat there with his eyes closed.他闭目坐在那儿。
Don’t sleep with the windows open.别开着窗睡觉。
She died with her son yet a schoolboy.
她去世的时候儿子还是个小学生。（with+名词/代词+名词）
在with (without) 的复合结构中，多数情况下with 能省略，但without 不能省略。
There being +名词（代词）
There being nothing else to do, we went home. 没有别的事可做，我们就回家了。
There being no further business, I declare the meeting closed. 没有再要讨论的事了，我宣布散会。
There being no bus, we had to go home on foot.因为没有公共汽车，所以我们不得不步行回家。
-It being +名词（代词）
It being Christmas, the government offices were closed. 由于圣诞节的缘故，政府机关都休息。
It being a holiday, all the shops were shut. 由于今天是假日，所有商店都关门了。
It being Sunday, we went to church.因为是星期天，我们去做了礼拜。
试比较：
He wrote a lot of novels, many of them translated into foreign languages.（独立结构）
He wrote a lot of novels, and many of them were translated into foreign languages.（并列句）
He wrote a lot of novels, many of which were translated into foreign languages.（非限制性定语从句）
他写了许多小说，其中一些已翻译为多种外语版。