“since”引导时间状语从句的时态问题常让大家感到困惑。接下来,我们就一起探讨一下这个语法点。
当我们表达“从过去某个时间点到现在”这样的时间跨度时,经常会用到“since”。比如“一别十年”,常见的英文表达是“It is ten years since I saw you last” 。这里,“since”后面的动词用过去时,因为它表示的是过去的那个时间点,像“saw you last”就是指上次见到你这个过去发生的动作。而前面主句中的动词通常用现在时,即“It is” 。这是一种比较常见和规范的表达。
但在实际口语交流中,我们也经常听到“It has been ten years since I saw you last” 。这种表达其实是将两种常见结构混合了。一种是 “It is + 时间段 + since...” ,另一种是 “时间段 + have/has passed + since...” 。在后者中,因为“时间段”作主语,习惯上后面接现在完成时,强调从过去到现在这段时间已经过去了。比如“Ten years have passed since...” 。而在名作家的作品中,我们也能看到不同的时态搭配。
在“since”引导的从句中,过去时和现在完成时都很常见。用过去时,像“My digestion and my heart have got much worse since I saw you last” ,这里“saw you last”明确表示过去的见面时间,从那之后,我的消化和心脏状况变差了。而用现在完成时,如“Since I have known you, I have become aware that there are things of value in human existence” ,“have known you”强调从过去认识你开始一直到现在这段持续的时间,在这段时间里我意识到了人类生存中有价值的东西。
再看几个例子,“It's been a long time since I've seen you”和“It's been a long time since I saw him so excited” ,这两句中,用现在完成时“have seen”和“saw”都可以,只是在口语中,现在完成时的使用频率越来越高。“I've had hardly any appetite since I've been here” ,这里“have been here”强调从来到这里开始一直到现在,我一直没什么食欲。
“我来到本城已十年了”这句话,有多种正确译法:“Ten years have passed since I came to this town” ,这是比较正式、偏文言的说法;“It's been ten years since I've come to this town”和“It's been ten years since I came to this town” ,这两种是口语常用的表达;“It is ten years since I came to this town” ,是比较正规的说法;“It is ten years since I've come to this town” ,属于普通的表达。但要注意,有些表达是错误的,比如“It has passed ten years since I came to this town” ,这里“has passed”用法错误,应该是“时间段 + have/has passed” ;“Ten years passed since I had come to this town” ,时态搭配错误,“since”引导的从句一般不用过去完成时;“I have come to this town since ten years ago” ,这种表达不符合英语习惯,“since”后接时间点时,前面的主句不能用现在完成时的瞬间动词。
还要特别注意,“He has written to me frequently since I was ill”和“He has written to me frequently since I have been ill” 这两句话意思不同。第一句表示自从我病愈以来,他屡次写信给我,“was ill”强调过去生病的那个状态已经结束;第二句表示自从我生病以来,他屡次写信给我,“have been ill”强调从生病开始一直到现在这段时间。