动词的-ed形式兼有（动词）、（副词）和（形容词）的特征，在句中可以作（定语、表语、宾语补足语或状语）。
动词-ed形式作定语往往放在被修饰词的前面，如果是动词-ed形式短语作定语，常放在被修饰词之后。动词-ed形式作定语往往表示被动和完成，但不及物动词的过去分词作定语不表示被动，只表示完成。
（一）作定语单个动词-ed形式作定语时，常放在被修饰词的前面；动词-ed短语作定语时，则一般放在被修饰词之后。
The question mentioned at the meeting has been solved.
在会议上提到的问题已经被解决了。（被动）
I received a letter written in English.
=I received a letter which was written in English.我收到一封用英文写的信。（被动、完成）
The ground is covered with fallen leaves.
=The ground is covered with the leaves which have fallen.
地上覆盖着落叶。（完成）
（二）作表语用于系动词后，表示主语的某种特征或性状。
The shops have reminded shut for a week.这些商店已经关门一周了。
I was very surprised to see little Jimmy run so fast in the game.
看见小吉米再比赛中跑得这么快，我非常惊讶。
The sun is already set.
太阳已经下山了。
（三）作宾语补足语说明宾语的状态或性质，与宾语一起构成复合宾语。一般及物动词的过去分词才能作宾补，表示被动或完成含义。
I considered this problem settled.
我认为这个问题解决了。
【温馨提示】把含宾语补足语的句子改为被动句，原来的宾语补足语变为主语补足语。
This song is often heard sung everywhere in China.
这首歌在中国的大街小巷都经常听见有人唱。
四、作状语动词-ed形式作状语，表示原因、时间、让步、条件、方式或伴随情况等。
1）表示原因，相当于一个原因状语从句。
Seriously injured, she was sent to hospital at once.
由于受伤严重，她被立刻送往医院了。
2）表示时间，相当于一个时间状语从句。
Seen from the hill, the city looks magnificent.当从山上看时，这个城市看上去很壮观。
3）表示让步，相当于一个让步状语从句。Beaten by the opposite team, the players were not discouraged and practised even harder.
=Though they were beaten by the opposite team...
虽然被对方打败，但队员们没有泄气，更加刻苦训练。
4）表示条件，相当于一个条件状语从句。
Given more time, I could do it better. （=If I were given more time...）
如果多给点时间，我会做得更好。
5）表示方式或伴随情况。
The woman scientist entered the lab, followed by her assistants.
那位女科学家走进实验室，后面跟着她的助手们。