中高考英语省略句全解析：抓住关键，轻松得分
2025-04-22 06:41
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文化之窗
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在中高考英语的备考过程中，省略句是一个不容忽视的重要语法点。它不仅频繁出现在各类题型中，还对同学们准确理解句子含义、进行书面表达有着关键影响。今天，我们就来深入剖析那些中高考复习里最值得注意的省略句类型，助力大家在考试中精准拿分！在时间（when, while, as, before, after 等）、条件（if, unless 等）、让步（although, though 等）状语从句中，如果从句的主语和主句的主语一致，且从句谓语中含有 be 动词，那么可以将从句的主语和 be 动词一起省略。例句：When (you are) in trouble, you can ask me for help. （当你遇到困难时，你可以向我求助。）While (I was) doing my homework, I heard a knock at the door. （我做作业的时候，听到了敲门声 ）真题链接：（2023 年 XX 市中考真题）While ______ TV, we heard the doorbell ring.A. watch B. watching C. watched答案：B 。解析：这是时间状语从句的省略，原句是 “While we were watching TV”，因为主句和从句主语都是 “we”，且从句有 “were”，所以省略 “we were”，选 B。高考对状语从句省略的考查更为复杂，会结合长难句、特殊语境等。除了上述常见的省略情况，还会涉及到一些固定短语搭配下的省略。例句：Even if (it is) repaired, the old machine may not work well.（即使修好了，这台旧机器可能也无法正常运转）Unless (you are) invited, you'd better not go to the party. （除非被邀请，否则你最好不要去参加派对 ）真题链接：（2022 年全国卷高考真题）If ______ (accept) for the job, you'll be informed soon.答案：accepted 。解析：这是条件状语从句的省略，完整句子是 “If you are accepted for the job”，因为主句和从句主语都是 “you”，且从句有 “are”，所以省略 “you are”，填 “accepted”。在一些动词（如 want, hope, decide, expect 等）后，为了避免重复，常常省略不定式后的动词短语，只保留 “to”。但当不定式是 be 或动词的完成体时，be 及 have 一般不能省略 。中考难度例句：I want to go shopping, but my mother doesn't want me to (go shopping). （我想去购物，但我妈妈不想让我去。）He asked me to play football, but I don't want to (play football). （他叫我去踢足球，但我不想去）真题链接：（2021 年 XX 市中考真题）—Would you like to go to the park with me?答案：B 。解析：回答 “Would you like to...?” 时，肯定回答常用 “Yes, I'd like to.”，这里省略了后面重复的动词短语，只保留 “to”，所以选 B。高考难度例句：The boy wanted to ride his bicycle in the street, but his mother told him not to (ride his bicycle in the street). （男孩想在街上骑自行车，但他妈妈叫他不要这样做。）She would like to have come but she has no time to (have come).（她本想来，但没时间 ）真题链接：（2019 年 XX 省高考真题）—Are you going to the concert tonight?— I'd love to, but I have an important meeting to attend. 这里省略了 “go to the concert tonight”，在高考阅读理解中，这种省略现象需要同学们准确识别，才能理解句子的准确含义。使役动词与感官动词后：在使役动词（let, make, have）和感官动词（see, watch, notice, hear, feel 等）后，作宾语补足语的不定式要省略 “to”。但当这些动词用于被动语态时，to 需要还原。例句：The boss had the workers work overtime last night.（老板昨晚让工人们加班。）→The workers were had to work overtime last night.（工人们昨晚被迫加班。）（此句虽不太符合常规表达习惯，但用于说明被动时 to 的还原）真题链接：（2018 年 XX 省高考真题）The missing boy was last seen ______ near the river.A. playing B. to play C. play D. played答案：A 。解析：“see sb. doing sth.” 表示 “看见某人正在做某事”，这里是被动语态，“The missing boy was last seen playing near the river.” 省略了 “by someone”，意为 “最后有人看见失踪的男孩正在河边玩耍” 。如果选 B，“was seen to play” 强调看到动作的全过程，与语境不太相符。例句：My mother makes me clean my room every day.（妈妈让我每天打扫房间。）I often hear her sing in the next room.（我经常听到她在隔壁房间唱歌 ）真题链接：（2020 年 XX 市中考真题）The teacher made the students ______ (clean) the classroom after class.答案：clean 。解析：在使役动词 “made” 后，作宾语补足语的不定式要省略 “to”，所以填 “clean”。中考难度高考难度特殊句型中：在 “had better（最好）, would rather（宁愿）, can't but（不得不）, why not（为什么不）” 等句型后面直接跟动词原形，实际上是接省 to 的不定式。例句：I couldn't but laugh at the funny story.（听到这个有趣的故事，我忍不住笑了。）I would rather stay at home than go out on such a rainy day.（在这样的雨天，我宁愿待在家里也不愿出去。）真题链接：（2016 年全国卷高考真题）Rather than ______ on a crowded bus, he always prefers ______ a bicycle.A. ride; ride B. riding; ride C. ride; to ride D. to ride; riding答案：C 。解析：“prefer to do sth. rather than do sth.” 是固定搭配，意为 “宁愿做某事而不愿做某事”，所以第一个空填动词原形 “ride”，第二个空填 “to ride” 。例句：You had better go to school on time.（你最好按时上学。）Why not have a rest?（为什么不休息一下呢？）真题链接：（2017 年 XX 市中考真题）You ______ go and ask Meimei. She ______ know the answer.A. must; can B. must; may C. had better; may D. can; may答案：C 。解析：根据语境，“你最好去问问梅梅，她可能知道答案”，“had better” 后接动词原形，“may” 表示 “可能”，所以选 C。中考难度高考难度在定语从句中，当关系代词（who, whom, that, which）在从句中作宾语时，关系代词可以省略。在 “介词 + 关系代词” 结构中，关系代词一般不能省略；但在口语和非正式文体中，“介词 + which/whom” 有时可简化为 “that” 或省略 。中考难度例句：The man (who/whom/that) we met yesterday is a famous scientist.（我们昨天遇到的那个人是一位著名的科学家。）The book (which/that) I bought last week is very interesting.（我上周买的那本书非常有趣 ）真题链接：（2024 年 XX 市中考真题）The book ______ I borrowed from the library is very interesting.答案：B 。解析：先行词 “the book” 指物，在定语从句中作宾语，关系代词可用 “which” 或 “that”，也可省略，所以选 B。“who” 用于指人，“whose” 表示 “谁的”，不符合语境。高考难度例句：The house (which/that) I spent a lot of time on is very old.（我花了很多时间打理的那所房子很旧了。）The person to whom you should talk is Mr. Smith. = The person (whom/who/that) you should talk to is Mr. Smith.（你应该和他谈话的那个人是史密斯先生 ）（在口语和非正式文体中，第一种表达更常见）真题链接：（2020 年 XX 省高考真题）The school ______ he once studied in is very famous.A. where B. when C. that D. whose答案：C 。解析：先行词 “the school” 在定语从句 “he once studied in” 中作宾语，关系代词可用 “that”“which” 或省略，“where” 在定语从句中作地点状语，“when” 作时间状语，“whose” 作定语，所以选 C。当定语从句的主谓结构和主句的主谓结构有重复部分时，有时可以省略定语从句中的主谓结构，常以分词形式出现。高考难度例句：The students, some (who are) from the countryside, are very hard - working.（这些学生，其中一些来自农村，非常勤奋。）The building (which was) built last year is our new library.（去年建造的那栋楼是我们的新图书馆。）真题链接：（2015 年全国卷高考真题）The airport ______ next year will help promote tourism in this area.A. being completed B. to be completed C. completed D. having been completed答案：B 。解析：“next year” 表明动作尚未发生，“The airport to be completed next year” 表示 “明年将要建成的机场”，是省略了 “which will be” 的定语从句，“to be completed” 作后置定语表示将来的被动动作；“being completed” 表示正在被完成，“completed” 表示已完成，“having been completed” 一般不用于作后置定语修饰名词，所以选 B。在并列句中，后面分句中与前面分句中相同的部分常被省略，以避免重复。常见的有省略谓语动词、宾语、表语等 。中考难度例句：Tom likes playing football and Jack (likes playing football) too.（汤姆喜欢踢足球，杰克也喜欢。）I am from Beijing and my friend (is from) Shanghai.（我来自北京，我的朋友来自上海 ）真题链接：（2019 年 XX 市中考真题）My father likes reading newspapers and my mother ______ (do) too.答案：does 。解析：为避免重复，省略了 “likes reading newspapers”，“my mother” 是第三人称单数，所以用 “does” 代替前面的动作。高考难度例句：He has finished his homework, and I (have finished) mine.（他完成了他的作业，我完成了我的。）She can speak English well and her sister, though not so good, (can speak English well) too, but with a different accent.（她英语说得很好，她姐姐也说得很好，但口音不同 ）真题链接：（2013 年 XX 省高考真题）The research lacks solid evidence, and therefore, its conclusions are doubtful. 在这个句子中，后半句 “its conclusions are doubtful” 承前省略了 “because the research lacks solid evidence” 中的部分内容，使得句子更加简洁明了。在高考的书面表达中，恰当运用这种省略可以提升文章的流畅度和简洁性。祈使句中的省略：祈使句通常省略主语 you ，有些祈使句还可省略谓语动词。如：(You) Come here! （你）过来！(You) Be quiet! （你）安静点！感叹句中的省略：感叹句中常省略主语和谓语。如：What a beautiful girl (she is)! （多漂亮的女孩啊！）How fast (he runs)! （他跑得真快啊！）口语中的省略：在口语交流中，省略现象更为普遍。如：(I'm) Glad to see you. （很高兴见到你。）(It's) Nice weather, isn't it? （天气不错，不是吗？）在虚拟条件句中含有 were, should, had 时，可将 if 省略，同时将 were, should, had 提到句首，形成倒装结构 。高考难度例句：Were I you, I would study harder.（要是我是你，我会更努力学习。）= If I were you, I would study harder.Had he taken my advice, he wouldn't have made such a mistake.（要是他听了我的建议，就不会犯这样的错误了。）= If he had taken my advice, he wouldn't have made such a mistake.真题链接：（2011 年 XX 省高考真题）______ it rain tomorrow, we would have to put off the visit to the Yangpu Bridge.A. Were B. Should C. Would D. Will答案：B 。解析：这是虚拟条件句的省略与倒装，原句为 “If it should rain tomorrow”，省略 “if” 后，将 “should” 提到句首，所以选 B。
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