你是否在写英语句子时纠结过:“先行词是物,到底用that还是which?”看到“The book that/which I bought is interesting”觉得都行,但遇到“The house, which is old, needs repair”又不确定能不能换that?其实,that和which在定语从句中就像“双胞胎”,大部分时候可以互换,但在这6种关键场景下必须“区别对待”。本文用“场景化例句+口诀记忆”,帮你彻底搞懂两者的用法边界。
一、基础篇:先搞懂“定语从句的核心逻辑”
1. 定语从句的“本质作用”
- 定义:修饰名词/代词的从句,回答“什么样的”,比如:
The car that/which is red is mine.(红色的那辆车是我的。)
- 结构:先行词(被修饰的词) + 引导词(that/which等) + 从句
- 核心:引导词代替先行词在从句中充当成分(主语/宾语/定语),其中that和which主要修饰“物”(先行词是“人”时用who/whom)。
2. that vs which的“通用规则”
- 相同点:当先行词是“物”,且定语从句是“限制性定语从句”(没有逗号,必须修饰先行词)时,that和which可以互换。
- 例句:
I like the movie that/which tells a true story.(我喜欢讲真实故事的电影。)
The book that/which you lent me is interesting.(你借给我的书很有趣。)
二、进阶篇:6种必须“严格区分”的场景
场景1:先行词是“不定代词”(all, everything, nothing等)
- 规则:只能用that,不能用which。
- 原理:不定代词本身“指代模糊”,需要that“精准限定”。
- 例句:
- ✅ All that she said is true.(她所说的一切都是真的。)
- ❌ All which she said is true.(错误,不能用which)
- 口诀:不定代词很“抽象”,引导词用that别忘啦。
场景2:先行词被“最高级/序数词”修饰(best, first, only等)
- 规则:只能用that,不能用which。
- 原理:最高级/序数词已经“唯一限定”,that强调“唯一性”。
- 例句:
- ✅ This is the best movie that I have ever seen.(这是我看过的最好的电影。)
- ✅ The first thing that we should do is study.(我们该做的第一件事是学习。)
- ❌ This is the best movie which I have ever seen.(错误)
场景3:先行词含“人和物”混合(既有人又有物)
- 规则:只能用that,不能用which。
- 原理:which只能指物,that可以“兼顾人和物”。
- 例句:
- ✅ We talked about the people and things that we remembered.(我们谈论了记得的人和事。)
- ❌ We talked about the people and things which we remembered.(错误,同时有人和物时不能用which)
场景4:先行词在从句中作“表语”(少用,但需注意)
- 规则:只能用that,且常省略。
- 例句:
- ✅ She is no longer the girl that she was five years ago.(她不再是五年前的那个女孩了。)
- (that在从句中作表语,可省略为:She is no longer the girl she was five years ago.)
场景5:非限制性定语从句(有逗号,补充说明)
- 规则:只能用which,不能用that。
- 原理:非限制性定语从句是“附加信息”,that不能用于逗号后。
- 例句:
- ✅ The house, which is old, needs repair.(这座房子很旧,需要维修。)
- ❌ The house, that is old, needs repair.(错误,逗号后不能用that)
- 对比:
- 限制性定语从句(无逗号,必须用that/which):The house that/which is old needs repair.(强调“旧的房子”需要维修,可能还有新的房子)
- 非限制性定语从句(有逗号,用which):The house, which is old, needs repair.(补充说明“这座房子很旧”,只有这一座房子)
场景6:介词提前,引导词前有介词(介词+which)
- 规则:只能用which,不能用that(that不能跟在介词后)。
- 例句:
- ✅ This is the room in which he lived.(这是他住过的房间。)
- ✅ The book about which you talked is interesting.(你谈论的那本书很有趣。)
- ❌ This is the room in that he lived.(错误,介词后不能用that)
- 替换技巧:介词不提前时,可用that/which,且可省略。
- 如:This is the room (that/which) he lived in.(正确,in不提前时that/which可省略)
三、实战篇:3步判断法+常见错误排除
1. “三问法”快速选择引导词
遇到定语从句时,按顺序问自己:
① 先行词是人还是物?(是人用who/whom,是物进入②)
② 从句有没有逗号(是否非限制性)?(有逗号→只能用which;无逗号进入③)
③ 先行词是否属于“不定代词/最高级/序数词/混合先行词”?(是→用that;否→that/which均可)
2. 常见错误案例分析
- 错误1:I love all the books which are interesting.(❌)
- 纠正:先行词是all(不定代词),只能用that→I love all the books that are interesting.
- 错误2:The school, that is near the park, is very beautiful.(❌)
- 纠正:非限制性定语从句(有逗号),只能用which→The school, which is near the park, is very beautiful.
- 错误3:This is the pen with that he wrote the letter.(❌)
- 纠正:介词with后只能用which→This is the pen with which he wrote the letter.
四、记忆口诀:“that优先,which例外”
- 该用that的情况:
不定代词、最高级,序数词、唯一级,人和事物混一起,表语省略用that。
- 必须用which的情况:
逗号后面跟which,介词之后也用它,非限从句别用that,牢记规则别混淆。
五、结语:在句子中“语境记忆”,拒绝死记硬背
与其死记硬背规则,不如在句子中理解逻辑:
- 当先行词需要“精准限定”(如最高级、不定代词),用that,因为that“指向性更强”;
- 当先行词是“附加说明”(如非限制性定语从句),用which,因为which“更灵活,可逗号分隔”。
下次遇到定语从句时,试着用“三问法”拆解句子,多分析课本例句和真题,你会发现:that和which的选择不是“语法游戏”,而是英语表达逻辑的自然体现。记住:语法规则是为了让语言更清晰,而不是制造麻烦——理解场景,胜过背诵条文。