英语阅读理解解题技巧（五）——篇章结构题
高考英语阅读理解对《考试大纲》中提出的理解文章的基本结构的要求，往往通过篇章结构题来考查。
1. 常见提问方式
The underlined word “they / it / this / ...” in Paragraph ... refers to ...
The passage is developed by ...
How is the passage organized?
Which of the following best shows the structure of the passage?
Which of the following shows the organization of the passage?
2. 常见类型
高考对这类题型的考查主要体现在以下几个方面：
（1）确定指代关系。
（2）对文章组织结构的理解。
3. 解题方法
要做好此类题目，必须学会把握文章的脉络，理解段落层次之间的关系，弄清作者的写作方法。另外，要了解英语文章的结构特点。英语的文章讲究使用主题段和主题句。为突出主题，作者可能采用不同的写作手法来组织文章，通过举例、比较、类比等手法来透彻阐明主题观点。
解答以上两种题的关键都是正确把握理解文章的层次结构，但是最难做的是第二种。分析这一类题我们可以看出，对文章组织结构的理解不外乎以下两种方法：一是按段落的组织方法理解文章的结构；二是按写作方法（或论证方法）理解文章的结构。
首先，看看从段落层次理解文章的结构。
常见的段落结构有如下几种情况：
图1表明：①（Paragraph 1）是主题段（提出论题或论点），②、③段是就同一论据或者问题的同一方面作论述，④段是用另一论据材料或者从问题的另一方面论述，⑤段是结论段或者是用来重述论题、强调论点的段落。同样，我们很容易理解图2、3、4所示的段落结构。
另外，从论证方法上对议论文结构进行理解。从论证方法上讲，常见的议论文结构有以下两类：
A. Put forward a question → Analyze the question → Solve the question 这就是“提出问题、分析问题、解决问题”的过程；
B. Argument / Idea → Evidence → Conclusion这就是“由论点到论据到结论或者强调论点”的过程。
对说明文、夹叙夹议类文章结构的理解，只要我们弄清段落意义和段落之间的关系，很容易理解其结构。
4. 高考真题
A rainforest is an area covered by tall trees with the total high rainfall spreading quite equally through the year and the temperature rarely dipping below l6℃.Rainforests have a great effect on the world environment because they can take in heat from the sun and adjust the climate. Without the forest cover, these areas would reflect more heat into the atmosphere, warming the rest of the world. Losing the rainforests may also influence wind and rainfall patterns, potentially causing certain natural disasters all over the world.
In the past hundred years, humans have begun destroying rainforests in search of three major resources (资源): land for crops, wood for paper and other products, land for raising farm animals. This action affects the environment as a whole. For example, a lot of carbon dioxide (二氧化碳) in the air comes from burning the rainforests. People obviously have a need for the resources we gain from cutting trees but we will suffer much more than we will benefit.
There are two main reasons for this. Firstly, when people cut down trees, generally they can only use the land for a year or two. Secondly, cutting large sections of rainforests may provide a good supply of wood right now, but in the long run it actually reduces the world’s wood supply.
Rainforests are often called the world’s drug store. More than 25％ of the medicines we use today come from plants in rainforests. However, fewer than l％ of rainforest plants have been examined for their medical value. It is extremely likely that our best chance to cure diseases lies somewhere in the world’s shrinking rainforests.
（安徽 2009阅读理解E篇）
73. What does the word “this” underlined in the third paragraph refer to?
A. We will lose much more than we can gain.
B. Humans have begun destroying rainforests.
C. People have a strong desire for resources.
D. Much carbon dioxide comes from burning rainforests.
解析：选A。此题不是一个简单的词义猜测题，要理解此处代词this的含义，必须从篇章层次入手，分析第二、三段的结构意义关系。通过分析我们可以看出，第三段是对第二段的进一步阐释。此处this指代第二段中最后一句话中的we will suffer much more than we will benefit (人们砍伐树林将得不偿失)。
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