高考阅读理解解题技巧（二）——细节理解题
所谓细节题，是指原文提到了某事物、现象或理论，题干针对原文具体叙述发问。细节理解题主要考查学生的信息查找能力和对句子的理解能力, 要求学生对阅读材料中的某一具体事实和细节进行理解。
【分析】
1. 三种主要考查类型：A. 纯细节型 B. 数据计算型 C. 细节推断型
2. 高考试题中会这样提问
A. 纯细节型
The taxi driver did not charge the old woman because he ______.
One psychological effect of diet products is that people tend to ______.
B. 数据计算型
To buy a flat and send a child to kindergarten, how much will a couple pay each year?
How much did the lottery winner lose?
C. 细节推断型
The underlined word “fixture” in Paragraph 3 probably refers to something ______.
The underlined words “my new friend” in the last paragraph refer to ______.
3. 考生常见错误归纳
（1）偷梁换柱：选项整体陈述似乎与原文一样，结果个别单词或表达被替换。
（2）因果倒置：选项陈述的因果关系与文章的因果关系进行了颠倒，形成干扰。
（3）加减范围：选项通过改变或去掉限制性词语，从而导致错误。
（4）主观臆断：表现为脱离文章内容主观发挥，虽符合常识，但却不是文章内容。
4. 应试策略
（1）认真分析题干及选项，根据其中的线索返回原文，对问题在原文中的位置进行定位。定位主要线索包括：根据题干中的时间、地点、人物返回原文；根据出题顺序返回原文；根据题干中的重点词或其同义词返回原文（如名词、动词、形容词）。
（2）定位之后，快速分析句子结构，从而准确理解其含义。
【高考真题】
How I Turned to Be Optimistic
I began to grow up that winter night when my parents and I were returning from my aunt’s house, and my mother said that we might soon be leaving for America. We were on the bus then. I was crying, and some people on the bus were turning around to look at me. I remember that I could not bear the thought of never hearing again the radio program for school children to which I listened every morning.
I do not remember myself crying for this reason again. In fact, I think I cried very little when I was saying goodbye to my friends and relatives. When we were leaving I thought about all the places I was going to see — the strange and magical places I had known only from books and pictures. The country I was leaving never to come back was hardly in my head then.
The four years that followed taught me the importance of optimism, but the idea did not come to me at once. For the first two years in New York I was really lost — having to study in three schools as a result of family moves. I did not quite know what I was or what I should be. Mother remarried, and things became even more complex for me. Some time passed before my stepfather and I got used to each other. I was often sad, and saw no end to “the hard times.”
My responsibilities in the family increased a lot since I knew English better than everyone else at home. I wrote letters, filled out forms, translated at interviews with Immigration officers, took my grandparents to the doctor and translated there, and even discussed telephone bills with company representatives.
From my experiences I have learned one important rule: almost all common troubles eventually go away! Something good is certain to happen in the end when you do not give up, and just wait a little! I believe that my life will turn out all right, even though it will not be that easy.
56. How did the author get to know America?
A. From her relatives.
B. From her mother.
C. From books and pictures.
D. From radio programs.
58. For the first two years in New York, the author ______.
A. often lost her way
B. did not think about her future
C. studied in three different schools
D. got on well with her stepfather
解析:
56. C。细节理解题。这是一篇记叙文，根据文章记叙的先后顺序及题干内容可以先确定与此题相关的信息的位置在第二段的第三句。通过理解此句子可知，作者对 America的了解来源于books and pictures。故选C。
58. C。细节理解题。作者对到美国后的前两年的情况的描述出现在文章第三段。显然，只有C项叙述与文章内容相符。
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