阅读理解
一、题型分析
阅读理解是每年中考试题的“重中之重”。此题型的分值为40分，约占整套试题总分的36%。阅读理解主要考查考生通过阅读短文获取一定信息的能力。近几年的中考试题考查的文体多为记叙文、说明文、应用文等，考查内容比较广泛。
不仅如此，阅读理解的文章在体裁方面也越来越多样化，广告、图表等应用文是近年来中考试题的新体裁；在内容方面，也更加体现了时代性和可读性，题材包括科普、社会、文化、政治、经济等方面。
二、解题技巧
掌握中考英语阅读理解题的应试技巧，正确地理解和分析问题，考生应从以下几个方面入手：
1．主旨题
文章段落的首句和末句，一般表达文章的主题和段落的中心思想，其他句子只起补充、说明、解释或引申的作用。因此，首先要搜索目标，找出文章及段落中的主题句，了解了它们的含义，就可以顺着提供的主要线索去捕捉文章的相关信息，从而获得解决问题的答案。最有效的办法是找出主题句。主题句一般具有三个特点：
（1）表述的意思通常是总结性的；
（2）句子结构较简单，多数都不采用长、难句的形式；
（3）段落中其他的句子必定是用来解释、支撑或发展主题句所表述的主题思想的。
2．推断题
（1）事实推断。这种推断常常针对某一个或几个具体细节，是比较简单的推断。进行这种推断，要首先在文章中找出据以推断的有关文字，然后加以分析，尤其要悟出字里行间的意思。
（2）指代推断。确定指代词的含义和指代对象是阅读理解题常见的题目。要确定指代词所指代的对象，关键在于对上下文的正确理解。指代名词的指代词，其单复数形式应与被指代的词一致，因此数的形式可作为识别指代对象的第一个辅助标志。
（3）逻辑推断。这类题目往往是要求根据文章所提供的背景、人物的表情、动作和语言来推断出人物的态度或感受。
（4）对作者的意图和态度的推断。这一类考题大都要求学生就作者对论述对象持什么样的态度做出推断，如作者对所陈述的观点是赞同、反对，还是犹豫不定，对记述或描写的人、物或事件是赞颂、同情、冷漠，还是厌恶。作者的这种思想倾向和感情色彩不一定直接表述出来，而往往隐含在字里行间。因此，进行这种推断时，我们既要依靠短文的主题思想作为推力的前提，又要注意作者的措辞，尤其是形容词一类的修饰语。总之，只要平时善于积累，并熟练运用上述解题技巧，初中阅读理解题就将不再是难题。
3．猜测词义题
阅读短文时，常常会遇到一些生词。这时，考生要沉着、冷静，细心思考。首先要把整段、整篇文章看完。
通过对全篇短文的理解，就有可能猜测出生词的大意。另外，还可以从含有生词句子的上下文，以及句子和段落之间的关系来判断、理解生词以求获得其真正含义。猜测生词的另一种方法是，根据构词法推测。遇到生词后，可从构词法角度分析判断生词。例如： inexpensive一词，其中词根expensive的含义是“贵的”。前缀in是“不”的意思，因此可以猜测此词词义为“不贵的，便宜的”。总之，猜词题可以用到以下技巧（1） 根据文中的解释；（2） 使用逗号、破折号和括号等；（3）根据同位语或根据同等关系；（4）根据语义的转折关系；（5）根据因果关系；（6）根据构词法知识；（7）根据常识，上下文逻辑。
4．利用常识解题
多了解一些常识性知识有利于阅读理解。如果对文章的相关背景有所了解，读起文章来一定既省时又省力。因此，在学习过程中，了解各方面的背景知识是十分重要的。考生应了解下列知识：
（1）著名作家、艺术家及其主要作品；
（2）了解西方社会风土人情、社交活动、新年、圣诞节活动、宗教信仰、风俗习惯等；
（3）多看新闻联播、世界各地和各类英语讲座等节目；
（4）使用各种工具书，查阅各类名词、术语、重大事件等；
（5）熟记常用的缩略词语。
5．正确理解题干
纵观历年中考试题，阅读理解试题一般有以下几种题型：一是直接回答who，whom，which，what，where，when，why，how等疑问词引起的细节问题；二是猜测词义题；三是推理判断题；四是综合概括题。在做阅读理解题时，一定要仔细看完、看清楚试题要求再作答，特别要注意NOT，TRUE，EXCEPT等词。有时，要先看题后阅读文章，带着问题去读短文，可缩短阅读时间，效果也许会更好。
总之，阅读理解题是中考试题中非常重要的一项内容，占有举足轻重的地位。如果学生按上述答题方法去做，再做些适当的练习，一定会在阅读理解题上取得比较理想的成绩。
三、真题链接
真题分析
An elephant and a crocodile were once standing beside river. They were disputingwhich was the better animal.
“Look at my strength,” said the elephant. “I can pull up a tree, roots and all with my trunk”
“Ah! But your skin is not nearly so thick as mine,” replied the crocodile. “No knife or tooth can cut through it.”
Just as they were coming to blows, a lion happened to pass.
“My dear friends !” said the King of all animals, going up to them. “Let me know the cause of your disagreement.”
“Will you kindly tell us which is the better animal?” cried both at once.
“Certainly”, said the lion, pointing across the river. “Do you see the soldiers’ metal hat on that wall?”
“Yes!” replied the beasts.
“Well, then,” continued the lion, “ go and get it, and bring it to me, and I shall be able then to decide between you.”
Upon hearing this, off they started. The crocodile, being used to the water, reached the opposite side of the river first, and was soon standing beside the wall.
Here he waited till the elephant came up. The elephant, seeing that the crocodile had no way of reaching their goal, raised his long trunk, and took down the hat quite easily.
They then made their way together back again across the river. The elephant was trying to keep up with the fast-moving crocodile in the water and became careless. When he was forced to turn sharply to avoid a floating tree branch, the elephant dropped the hat and it fell to the river bottom. The crocodile noticed the accident, so down he dived, and brought it up in his huge mouth. They then returned, and the crocodile laid the metal hat at the lion's feet. The King took it up, and turning to the elephant, said:
“You, because of your size and trunk, were able to reach the hat on the wall but, having lost it, you were unable to get it back. And you,” said the lion to the crocodile, “although unable to reach the hat, were able to dive for it and save it. You are both wise and able in your own ways. One is no better than the other.”
26. The underlined word "disputing" in Paragraph 1 means____.
A. playing B. quarrelling C. complaining D. deciding
27. What did the crocodile think was the best about himself?
A. His big mouth B. His strong skin
C. His swimming skill D. His dangerous teeth
28. How did the lion deal with the animals’ disagreement?
A. He ordered them to fight. B. He made a quick decision.
C. He suggested a competition D. He asked them to describe themselves
29. What caused the elephant to drop the hat?
A. The hat got wet in the river. B. He hit a floating tree
C. He was trying to swim too fast D. He wanted to fight the crocodile
30. How were the elephant and the crocodile able to complete their task?
A. By working together B. planning carefully
C. By sharing their ideas D. By listening to the lion
【答案】26. B 27. B 28. C 29. C 30. A
【分析】一头大象和一只鳄鱼在争论谁更厉害，他们互不相让。一头狮子经过，他们想让狮子来决定。于是狮子给他们布置了一个任务，让他们去完成。结果他们都不能单独完成这个任务，他们各自有自己的智慧和能力，不存在谁比谁更好的问题。
【26题详解】
词义猜测题。根据文意和这个单词所在的句子which was the better animal.“哪一个是更好的动物”，因此disputing应该是“争论”的意思。playing玩；quarrelling争吵，争论；complaining抱怨；deciding决定。故应选B。
【27题详解】
细节理解题。根据短文第三段“Ah! But your skin is not nearly so thick as mine,” replied the crocodile. “No knife or tooth can cut through it.”可知，鳄鱼说他的皮肤比大象的更厚，刀和牙齿都刺不穿。由此可知应选B。
【28题详解】
细节理解题。根据短文第七段“Certainly”, said the lion, pointing across the river. “Do you see the soldiers metal hat on that wall?”和第九段 “Well, then,” continued the lion, “ go and get it, and bring it to me, and I shall be able then to decide between you.”可知，狮子让他们去把墙上的帽子拿来，然后决定谁是更好的动物。即狮子让他们展开一场比赛，由此可知应选C。
【29题详解】
细节理解题。根据短文第十二段中The elephant was trying to keep up with the fast-moving crocodile in the water and became careless. When he was forced to turn sharply to avoid a floating tree branch, the elephant dropped the hat and it fell to the river bottom可知，大象努力追赶在水里游得很快的鳄鱼，于是变得粗心了，当他被迫急转身躲避一个漂浮的树干时，他把帽子掉了。由此可知应选C。
【30题详解】
推理判断题。根据短文最后两段的内容可知，大象个头大，有长鼻子，能够得着墙上的帽子，但弄丢了帽子；鳄鱼够不着帽子，但帽子掉到水里时，他能找回来。因此他们是合作完成这个任务的。故应选A。